بررسی فاکتورهای شیمیایی، اندوخته کربن آلی خاک و شاخص‌های تنوع زیستی گیاهی برای دو گونه تاغ و گز در استان قم

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری علوم زیستی جنگل، گروه جنگل‌داری و اقتصاد جنگل ، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه جنگل‌داری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

3 دانشیار مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

4 استادیار موسسه تحقیقات جنگل ها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

5 استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان قم

10.22092/ijfrpr.2023.362667.1585

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: گونه‌های درختی می‌توانند به‌دلیل تحمل شرایط سخت محیطی، تغییراتی را در ویژگی‌های خاک و ذخیره کربن آلی ایجاد کنند. بنابراین، با شناخت گونه‌هایی که قابلیت بیشتری برای ذخیره کربن دارند می‌توان اصلاح و احیای جنگل‌های شهری را نیز از منظر شاخص ذخیره کربن آلی خاک (ترسیب کربن) بررسی کرد. درختچه‌های تاغ و گز ازجمله گونه‌های هالوفیت مهم ناحیه رویشی ایران- تورانی هستند. در این مناطق، نقش این درختچه‌ها در ذخیره کربن و افزایش تنوع زیستی گیاهی دارای اهمیت است. پژوهش پیش‌رو در نظر دارد، توان ذخیره کربن خاک و شاخص‌های تنوع زیستی گیاهی را در رویشگاه‌های این دو گونه در استان قم بررسی کند.
مواد و روش‌ها: رویشگاه طبیعی گز (Tamarix hispida) واقع در دشت مسیله استان قم و رویشگاه دست‌کاشت تاغ (Haloxylon ammodendron) در سال 1362، واقع در منطقه حسین‌آباد میش‌مست در دشت قم با آب‌و‌هوایی خشک قرار دارد. نمونه‌برداری از خاک در سطح یک هکتار به شکل تصادفی با تعداد 30 نمونه خاک از جهت شرقی زیر تاج‌پوشش و خارج از تاج‌پوشش، به کمک سیلندر از عمق 0-15 سانتی‌متری خاک در هر دو رویشگاه تاغ و گز به‌طور مجزا انجام شد. به‌منظور محاسبه ذخیره کربن آلی خاک و به‌دست آوردن جرم مخصوص ظاهری و کربن آلی و برخی فاکتورهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک، نمونه‌برداری انجام گردید. برای مطالعه پوشش گیاهی در هر رویشگاه، از پلات 400 مترمربعی با روش پیاده‌سازی پلات به‌صورت چهار قطعه 10 در 10 متر به‌منظور پراکنش بهتر در سطح یک هکتار و برای مطالعه پوشش گیاهی کف از 20 میکروپلات یک مترمربعی (پنج میکروپلات در هر پلات اصلی) استفاده شد. برای محاسبه شاخص‌های تنوع زیستی گیاهی، مقادیر تنوع گونه‌ای در هر قطعه‌نمونه با استفاده از شاخص‌های سیمپسون، شانون- وینر و غنای گونه‌ای با استفاده از شاخص‌های مارگالف، منهینیک و یکنواختی با شاخص‌های پیلو و شلدون برای هر میکروپلات محاسبه شد. برای محاسبه همبستگی بین فاکتورهای ذخیره کربن و کربن خاک با برخی فاکتورهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی از آزمون اسپیرمن استفاده شد.
نتایج و یافته‏ها: میانگین همه فاکتورهای اندازه‌گیری‌شده در خاک برای گونه گز بالاتر بود. اثر گونه و موقعیت نمونه‌برداری و اثر متقابل گونه در موقعیت نمونه‌برداری بر مقدار فاکتورهای اسیدیته، درصد کربن آلی، پتاسیم و ترسیب کربن (ذخیره کربن آلی) خاک در سطح پنج درصد تفاوت معنی‌دار داشت. همچنین، براساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از مقایسه میانگین تیمارها مشخص شد که بیشترین میزان ذخیره کربن خاک در تیمار زیر تاج درختچه گز با میزان 13/191 تن در هکتار است. نتایج نشان داد، میزان ذخیره کربن خـاک بین دو گونه تاغ و گز، دارای اختلاف معنی‌دار بوده و در خاک گز بالاتر است. ویژگی‌های خاک مانند مقدار ذخیره کربن، %OC،pH  و K در زیرتاج پوشش گز بالاتر از منطقه شاهد (خارج از تاج پوشش) است. همبستگی بین ویژگی ذخیره کربن و سایر فاکتورها نشان داد که فاکتورهای OC،pH  و EC می‌توانند به‌عنوان مهمترین عوامل تأثیرگذار برای برآورد ذخیره کربن خاک استفاده شوند. شاخص‌های تنوع زیستی گیاهی شامل تنوع گونه‌ای، غنای گونه‌ای و یکنواختی برای هر میکروپلات، فقط در تاغزار محاسبه شد، زیرا رویشگاه گز به دلیل تنش شدید خشکی، فاقد پوشش کف و زادآوری بود. شاخص‌های منهینیک و مارگالف با میزان 39/1 و 68/1 به‌ترتیب میانگین غنای گونه‌ای رویشگاه تاغ را به خود اختصاص داده‌اند.
نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به تأثیر مثبت درختچه گز بر عناصر مغذی و افزایش ماده آلی و ذخیره کربن خاک که در طولانی‌مدت موجب بهبود ساختمان خاک می‌شود، همین‌طور توانایی سازگاری و مقاومت مطلوب با شرایط آب‌و‌هوایی خشک و شکننده منطقه مسیله، حفظ و احیای این گونه بومی باارزش بسیار حیاتی است و گونه‌ای مناسب برای جنگل‌کاری در مناطقی با چنین مشخصاتی است. همچنین، با توجه به تأثیر مثبت گونه تاغ در افزایش شاخص‌های تنوع زیستی رویشگاه که در طولانی‌مدت سبب حفاظت و بهبود ساختمان خاک می‌شوند، موضوع حفظ و احیای این گیاهان با‌ارزش برای منطقه و استان قم ضروریست.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of the chemical factors, Carbon storage and biodiversity indicators in two species of Haloxylon ammodendron and Tamarix hispida in Qom province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maryam Ordibehesht 1
  • Anoshirvan Shirvany 2
  • Mohammad Matinizadeh 3
  • Hooman Ravanbakhsh 4
  • Hosein Tavakolineko 5
1 Ph.D. Student of Biology Forest Sciences, Department of Forestry and Forest Economics Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
2 Associate Prof., Department of Forestry and Forest Economics Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
3 Associate Prof., Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
4 Assistant Prof., Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
5 Assistant Prof,, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Qom, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Tree species can cause changes in soil characteristics and organic carbon storage due to their tolerance to harsh environmental conditions. Therefore, by knowing the species that have more ability to store carbon, it would be possible to follow the improvement and regeneration of urban forests from the perspective of carbon sequestration index. Haloxylon ammodendron and Tamarix hispida shrubs are among the important halophyte species of the Irano-Turanian vegetation zone. In these areas, it is important the role of these shrubs in storing carbon and increasing plant biodiversity. The current research aims to investigate the soil carbon sequestration and plant biodiversity indicators in the habitats of these two species in Qom province.
Methodology: The natural habitat of Tamarix located in Mesila plain of Qom province and the cultivated habitat of Haloxylon in 1362, located in Hossein-Abad area of Mish-mast in Qom plain with arid climate. Soil sampling was done randomly on one hectare with 30 samples from the eastern direction under the canopy and outside the canopy, by a cylinder at the depth of 0-15 cm in both Haloxylon and Tamarix habitats separately. Sampling was done to calculate the soil organic carbon reserve to obtain the apparent specific mass and organic carbon and some soil physical and chemical factors. To study the vegetation coverage in each habitat, from a plot of 400 m2 with the method of implementing the plot in the form of four plots of 10 x 10 meters in order to better distribute it on the surface of one hectare, and to study the vegetation of the floor from 20 micro-plots of one m2 (five micro-plots in each plot) was used. The values of species diversity in each microplate from each sample plot was calculated using Simpson, Shannon-Wiener indices and species richness using Margalef, Menchick and uniform indices with Pillo and Sheldon indices. Spearman's test was used to calculate the correlation between soil carbon deposition factors and some physical and chemical factors.
Results: The average of all measured factors in the soil was higher for Tamarix. The effect of species and sampling position and the mutual effect of species in sampling position on the amount of acidity factors, percentage of organic carbon, potassium and carbon deposition (organic carbon storage) of the soil had a significant difference at the level of 5%. Furthermore, based on the comparison of the average of the treatments, it was found that the highest amount of soil carbon deposition is in the treatment under canopy of the Tamarix shrub with the amount of 191.13 tons per hectare. The results showed a significant difference in the amount of soil carbon sequestration between two species of Haloxylon and Tamarix, and it is higher in Tamarix soil. Soil characteristics such as carbon deposition, %OC, pH and K under canopy of Tamarix are higher than outside the canopy. The correlation between carbon sequestration characteristics and other factors showed that OC, pH and EC factors can be used as the most important influencing factors to estimate soil carbon sequestration. The indicators of plant biodiversity, including species diversity, species richness and uniformity, were calculated for each micro-plot only in Haloxylon habitat, because the Tamarix habitat was lack of floor cover and reproduction due to severe drought stress. The Menhinik and Margalef indices with the values of 1.39 and 1.68, respectively, have assigned the average species richness of Haloxylon habitat.
Conclusion: Due to the positive effect of Tamarix on the increase of organic matter and soil carbon deposition, which improves the soil structure in the long term, as well as the ability to adapt and resist the dry and fragile weather conditions of Mesileh region. The revival of this valuable species is vital and it is a suitable species for forestry in areas with such characteristics. Likewise, considering the positive effect of Haloxylon species in increasing habitat biodiversity indicators, which in the long term protect the soil structure, the issue of preserving and revitalizing these valuable plants is necessary for Qom province.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Haloxylon
  • Tamarix
  • plant biodiversity
  • Carbon sequestration
  • arid regions
  • Irano-Turanian region

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 18 تیر 1402
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 06 آبان 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 13 آبان 1402

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