نوع مقاله : مقاله کوتاه
نویسندگان
1 نویسنده مسئول، دانشیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اصفهان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اصفهان، ایران
2 دانشیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات منابع طبیعی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اصفهان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اصفهان، ایران
3 کارشناس، بخش تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اصفهان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اصفهان، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Background and Objective: Artichoke, Cynara scolymus L. from Asteraceae (= Compositae) family, is a perennial plant native to Mediterranean regions and is highly valued for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Due to its high yield, low production costs, limited agronomic requirements, and adaptability to the climatic conditions of Iran, this plant can be a suitable alternative to some common forage crops. Pest damage to artichoke significantly affects its economic production, such that in some regions worldwide, pests are cited as a major reason for low yield and profitability of this crop. Although information on the pest fauna of artichoke is available in Iran, no study has been conducted on the fauna of natural enemies of its pests. Studies carried out in artichoke fields of Isfahan province showed that the aphid Brachycaudus cardui (L.) causes direct damage by sucking plant sap and indirect damage by transmitting viruses. In addition, the leaf-miner pest creates white serpentine mines on the leaves, reducing the photosynthetic area, weakening the plant, and decreasing marketability. This pest was identified as Liriomyza sp.
Methodology: In most artichoke cultivation areas worldwide, aphids and leaf-miners are regarded to be serious pests of this plant. For collecting natural enemies of these pests, various appropriate tools and facilities were used, such as insect nets, aspirators, and various types of tweezers and brushes, depending on the situation, location, and time of sampling. Predator insects were preserved in alcohol and transferred to the laboratory. Samples of predators collected as nymphs and larvae were reared to obtain adult insects. In order to obtain parasitoids, samples of leaves infested with leaf-miners and aphids were kept in plastic containers until the emergence of adult parasitoid wasps. The collected or reared insect samples were separated using reliable sources at the order and family level. Then, they were sent to the relevant experts to determine the scientific name and species.
Results: The results of this study showed that in artichoke fields of the province, various predators including two species of ladybirds Coccinella undecimpunctata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); the bug Orius albidipennis Reuter (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae); and the lacewing Chrysopa carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), are active on aphids. In this study, the diversity and activity of predators on aphids were considerable; however, no parasitoids were obtained from aphid-rearing containers. From leaf-miner rearing containers, several parasitoid wasps of the genus Diglyphus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), including D. isaea, D. pachyneurus, and D. crassinervis, were collected. All three species are solitary ectoparasitoids of leaf-miner fly larvae.
Conclusion: Identification of the fauna of natural enemies of major pests on artichoke is a fundamental step in developing an integrated pest management program for this crop before expanding its cultivated area in the country. During the growing season, aphids are the most important pests of artichoke in the province, causing honeydew production, virus transmission, and yield reduction. The activity of predators against this group of pests was remarkable. All three parasitoid wasp species reared from the leaf-miner pest are larval parasitoids of Agromyzidae leaf-miner flies and based on field observations play an important role in the natural control of this pest.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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