نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 نویسنده مسئول، استادیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان غربی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ارومیه، ایران
2 استاد پژوهش، مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران
3 کارشناس ارشد، بخش تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان غربی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ارومیه، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Background and Objective: Astragalus spp. is a plant from the Fabaceae family and often grows in mountainous areas and barren lands. In addition to being a source of food for livestock, this species is also important in protecting against soil erosion due to its deep roots and extensive canopy cover. In addition, some of these species are also of medicinal importance. One of the most important factors that affect the germination capacity and germination percentage of rangeland plant seeds is seed-eating insects. By attacking seeds in nature and in storage, these insects cause the loss of their contents and destruction of their embryos, thus destroying the germination capacity of the seeds. Ultimately, the damage caused by them to seeds and rangeland plants prevents the production of healthy seeds and, as a result, causes the failure of rangeland seeding programs to improve rangeland cover.
Methodology: Sampling started from low-lying areas and moved towards higher altitudes in different habitats and regions of the province during 2009 to 2013. In this study, 12 rangeland areas in West Azerbaijan province were investigated. The research was carried out in rangeland enclosures and areas that were less subject to grazing and degradation. Four plots and two samples from each plot were selected, which were based on the climatic and growing conditions of the plants in different seasons in enclosure areas and in areas that were less subject to grazing and degradation. Sampling was carried out at weekly intervals from the beginning of the dough stage until the seeds fully ripened. The percentage of damage was obtained by calculating the mean percentage of different types of damage across different sampling dates. In cases where 1000 seeds (4 replicates and 250 seeds per replicate) were not found in each site for each plant, the percentage of infestation was calculated based on the number of seeds collected. In addition, the percentage of infestation was calculated by counting the insects emerging from the seeds according to the total number of damaged seeds. Statistical analysis of this study was performed using PAST version 3 software. Data analysis was performed using the principal component analysis (PCA) method in a multivariate manner.
Results: In this study, the rangeland species collected included 68 species of legumes, of which 31 species of Astragalus were identified. Of these, seed-eating insects were recovered from 17 species, and no insect species were collected and identified for the remaining 14 species. The results of this study showed that the amount of damage caused by seed-eating insects to different species of Astragalus in the rangelands of West Azerbaijan province is mostly related to beetles belonging to the Bruchidae family, and wasps belonging to the Eurytomidae family.
Conclusion: Out of a total of 104 legume samples collected in the rangelands of West Azerbaijan, 31 species belonged to the genus Astragalus, 17 of which were infested with seed-eating insects, which mainly belong to the two orders Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. Among the Coleoptera, the two families Bruchidae and Apionidae caused the most damage to the Astragalus species. The genera Paleoacanthoscelides, Bruchus, Bruchidius from the family Bruchidae and the genus Pseudoprotapion from the family Apionidae were collected and identified from the studied plants. Also, the hymenoptera genus Bruchophagus from the family Eurytomidae caused the most damage to the Astragalus species. And the wasps of the genus Pteromalus from the family Pteromalidae, the genus Pseudotorymus from the Torymidae and the wasp Elasmus from the family Eulophidae were identified as parasitoids of seed-eating insects. The species A. effusus Bunge, A. macrorus Fischer & C.A. Meyer, and A. robustus Bunge with 13% infestation suffered the most damage and the species A. bicolor Lam., A. ovinus Boiss, A. onobrichis L., A. vegetus Bungi and A. logopoides Lam. with 5% of infestation suffered the least damage.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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