تأثیر کوددهی با لجن فاضلاب بر آفات و بیماری‌های درختان صنوبر تبریزی و کبوده

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار پژوهشی، موسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، تهران، ایران. پست الکترونیک: az.salehi@rifr-ac.ir

2 استادیار پژوهشی، موسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: تصفیه­خانه­های فاضلاب مقادیر زیادی لجن تولید می­کنند. با توجه به ضرورت مدیریت و دفع مناسب لجن فاضلاب تولیدی در تصفیه­خانه­ها از یک سو و بهبود خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک در نتیجه کاربرد لجن فاضلاب به عنوان یک پسماند آلی از سوی دیگر، این لجن می‌تواند به عنوان یک کود آلی در زراعت چوب مورداستفاده قرار گیرد. با توجه به بالا بودن سطح عناصر غذایی موجود در لجن فاضلاب به ویژه نیتروژن و فسفر این نگرانی وجود دارد که در درختان تیمار شده با آن، ابتلاء به آفات و بیماری­ها بیشتر باشد. لذا طی یک مطالعه عرصه‌ای تاثیر کوددهی با لجن فاضلاب بر آفات و بیماری­های درختان صنوبر دو گونه تبریزی (P. nigra 62/154) و کبوده (P. alba 20/45) بررسی شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: پژوهش حاضر که قسمتی از یک پروژه تحقیقاتی در زمینه پتانسیل استفاده از لجن فاضلاب در زراعت چوب است، به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با دو فاکتور 1) لجن فاضلاب در سه سطح  (0، 10 و 20 کیلوگرم بر مترمربع) و 2) گونه صنوبر در دو سطح (P. nigra 62/154 و P. alba 20/45) با سه تکرار اجرا گردید. در هر پلات نه اصله نهال­ صنوبر بصورت گروهی در فاصله 2×2 کاشته شد. سیستم آبیاری عرصه کاشت نیز بصورت قطره­ای بود. در طول هر فصل رویش به مدت چهار سال به صورت ماهیانه کلیه درختان صنوبر در تیمارهای موردمطالعه مورد پایش و بررسی از نظر آفات و بیماری‌ها قرار گرفتند. برای تعیین میزان خسارت هر آفت بر روی هر درخت، درصد خسارت براساس مشاهدات تخمین زده شد و براساس پنج درجه کیفی شامل صفر: بدون خسارت، یک: 1-20 درصد، دو: 21-40 درصد، سه: 41-60 درصد، چهار: 61-80 درصد و پنج 81-100 درصد در فرم‌های از قبل تهیه شده ثبت گردید. سپس میانگین آن برای نه اصله درخت هر پلات محاسبه شد.
نتایج: در فصل اول رویش، طغیان آفت خاصی بر روی درختان صنوبر دو گونه مشاهده نشد و درختان تیمارهای مختلف لجن فاضلاب نیز از این نظر تفاوتی با یکدیگر نداشتند. در فصل دوم رویش، مهمترین آفت مشاهده شده بر روی هر دو گونه که باعث خسارت جزئی به درختان به شکل خزان برگ‌ها در اواسط فصل رویش شد، آفت سنک (Monosteira unicostata (Mulsant & Rey)) بود که شدت ابتلاء درختان صنوبر کبوده به این آفت تقریبا دو برابر درختان صنوبر تبریزی بود، اما بین درختان صنوبر تیمارهای مختلف لجن فاضلاب از نظر میزان ابتلاء به این آفت تفاوت معنی­داری مشاهده نشد. در فصل سوم رویش، مهمترین آفات مشاهده شده بر روی درختان صنوبر تبریزی آفت شته مومی (Phloeomyzus passerinii (Signoret)) و شته برگی (Chaitophorus populeti) و بر روی درختان صنوبر کبوده آفت شته مومی و سنک بود. در فصل چهارم رویش به علت تنش آبی وارد شده، بر روی درختان صنوبر تبریزی آفت سوسک­ چوبخوار (Melanophila picta) و بر روی درختان صنوبر کبوده آفت شته مومی مشاهده شد. در فصول سوم و چهارم رویش نیز بین درختان صنوبر تیمارهای مختلف لجن فاضلاب از نظر ابتلاء به آفات ذکر شده تفاوتی مشاهده نشد.
نتیجه­گیری کلی: در کل نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که کوددهی با لجن فاضلاب تاثیر معنی­داری بر روی افزایش و یا کاهش ابتلاء درختان صنوبر دو گونه تبریزی و کبوده به آفات و بیماری­ها نداشته است. همچنین پایش چهارساله درختان صنوبر دو گونه تبریزی و کبوده نشان داد که درختان صنوبر کبوده از نظر ابتلاء به آفاتی که خسارت اقتصادی به درخت وارد می‌کنند مقاوم‌تر از درختان صنوبر تبریزی بودند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Impact of fertilization with sewage sludge on pests and diseases of poplar trees

نویسندگان [English]

  • Azadeh Salehi 1
  • Samira Farahani 2
  • S. Masumeh Zamani 2
1 Assistant Prof., Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran. Email: az.salehi@rifr-ac.ir
2 Assistant Prof., Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Wastewater treatment plants generate substantial amounts of sewage sludge, necessitating proper management and disposal strategies. Given its potential to improve soil physico-chemical properties, sewage sludge can be repurposed as an organic fertilizer in poplar plantations, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices. However, due to its high nutrient content, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, concerns arise regarding its potential impact on tree health, including increased susceptibility to pests and diseases. Excess nutrients may alter plant metabolism, making trees either more attractive to herbivorous pests or more resilient to infestations. To evaluate this hypothesis, a field study was conducted to assess the effects of fertilization with sewage sludge from the South Wastewater Treatment Plant of Tehran on pest and disease incidence in two poplar species (Populus nigra 62/154 and Populus alba 45/67).
Methodology: This study, as part of a broader project on the potential application of sewage sludge in poplar plantations, was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors: (1) sewage sludge at three levels (0, 10, and 20 kg/m²) and (2) species at two levels (P. nigra 62/154 and P. alba 45/67). The experiment included three blocks, each containing six plots (each 16 m²), representing a combination of sewage sludge treatment and poplar species. In total, the experiment comprised six treatments (3 sewage sludge levels × 2 species) with three replications. Each plot contained nine trees. Over four consecutive growing seasons, all poplar trees were systematically monitored for pest and disease occurrence, and data were recorded in pre-prepared forms.
Results: During the first growing season, no significant pest infestations were observed in either poplar species, and trees subjected to different sewage sludge treatments showed no differences in this regard. In the second growing season, Monosteira unicostata was identified as the primary pest, causing partial leaf fall in the middle of the growing season. The infestation rate in P. alba was nearly twice as high as in P. nigra, though no significant differences were observed among sewage sludge treatments. In the third growing season, Phloeomyzus passerinii and Chaitophorus populeti were the most prevalent pests on P. nigra, whereas Phloeomyzus passerinii and Monosteira unicostata were the dominant pests on P. alba. In the fourth growing season, water stress led to the presence of Melanophila picta on some P. nigra trees and Phloeomyzus passerinii on some P. alba trees. Across all four growing seasons, no significant differences were detected among sewage sludge treatments in terms of pest incidence.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that sewage sludge fertilization did not significantly influence the susceptibility of either poplar species to pests and diseases. This finding is crucial for sustainable forestry management, as it suggests that The four-year monitoring period revealed that P. alba exhibited greater resistance to economically significant pests compared to P. nigra. Future studies could further investigate the long-term effects of sewage sludge on soil microbial communities and tree physiological responses to better understand its broader ecological impacts

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Amorpha populi
  • Monosteira sp
  • pests
  • Populus spp
  • Sewage sludge

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 29 اردیبهشت 1403
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 09 مرداد 1403
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 23 مهر 1403

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