سمیت تنفسی دو گونه اکالیپتوس علیه شپشه قرمز آرد Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) به‌صورت اسانس خالص و فرمولاسیون نانو

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری حشره شناسی کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران

2 استاد گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران

3 استادیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات حمایت و حفاظت، موسسه تحقیقات جنگل ها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران ، ایران

4 دانشیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات آفت کش ها، موسسه تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: شپشه قرمز آردTribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Tenebrionidae)  یکی از آفات مهم محصولات انباری مختلف، به‌ویژه غلات در سراسر جهان می‌باشد. در سال‌های اخیر برای کاهش استفاده از آفت‌کش‌های شیمیایی، اسانس‌های گیاهی مورد ‌توجه قرار گرفته‌اند. اما اسانس‌ها با وجود ظرفیت مناسب، دوام کمی دارند و سمیت آنها در زمان کوتاهی پس از کاربرد کاهش می‌یابد. تهیه فرمولاسیون‌های نانوکپسول اسانس‌های گیاهی می‌توانند کارایی آنها را در کنترل آفات انباری با افزایش سمیت و دوام آنها افزایش دهند. این پژوهش با هدف تهیه فرمولاسیون نانوکپسول اسانس دو گونه اکالیپتوس Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. و Eucalyptus globulus Labill. و مقایسه میزان کشندگی تنفسی این فرمولاسیون و اسانس معمولی آنها روی افراد بالغ T. castaneum انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: برگ‌‌های هر دو گونه اکالیپتوس از ایستگاه تحقیقات زاغمرز در جنوب شهرستان بهشهر استان مازندران در مردادماه 1397 جمع‌آوری شدند. اسانس‌گیری برگ‌های خشک به روش تقطیر با آب و شناسایی ترکیبات تشکیل‌دهنده اسانس با استفاده از دستگاه GC-MS انجام شد. نانوکپسول از نوع آلژینات سدیم با استفاده از سورفکتانت‌های پایه آب‌دوست تهیه شد. بررسی سطح و شکل‌شناسی دیواره نانوکپسول‌ها با استفاده از میکروسکوپ الکترونی عبوری انجام شد. همچنین، توزیع اندازه ذرات نانوکپسول نیز تعیین گردید. آزمایش‌های سمیت تنفسی به‌صورت جداگانه برای اسانس و نانوکپسول اسانس هر دو گونه اکالیپتوس در چهار غلظت و در زمان‌های 24، 48 و 72 ساعت پس از اعمال تیمارها همراه با شاهد در دمای 25 درجه سلسیوس و رطوبت نسبی 65 درصد در تاریکی انجام شد. برای محاسبه LC10 ، 25 LC، LC50 و 95 LC از نرم‌افزار Poloplus استفاده شد.
نتایج و یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد، تعداد ترکیبات موجود در اسانس‌های گونه E. globulus بیشتر بود. مهمترین ترکیبات اسانس دو گونه اکالیپتوس متعلق به ترپن‌ها بود و به‌ترتیب 1,8-cineole، Limonene وpinene -α مهمترین ترپن‌های موجود در اسانس E. globulus وE. camadulensis  بودند. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده در تصویر میکروسکوپ الکترونی عبوری نشان داد، نانوکپسول‌های حاوی اسانس اکالیپتوس دارای ابعادی در مقیاس نانو هستند. میانگین توزیع اندازه ذرات برای نانوکپسول اسانسE. globulus  و  E. camadulensis به ‌ترتیب حدود 150 و 100 نانومتر تعیین شد. اسانس گونه E. globulus دارای سمیت بیشتری نسبت به اسانس گونه E.camadulensis بود. میزان  LC50 در زمان‌های 24، 48 و 72 ساعت پس از تیمار برای نانوکپسول اسانس E. globulus، نانوکپسول اسانس E. camaldulensis، اسانس E. globulus و اسانس  E. camaldulensisبه‌ترتیب 9/5، 60/4، 8/3 میکرولیتر بر لیتر، 5/9، 67/8، 7/6 میکرولیتر بر لیتر، 93/10، 63/9، 7/5 میکرولیتر بر لیتر و 09/15، 86/12، 2/8 میکرولیتر بر لیتر بود. براساس نتایج در فرمولاسیون نانوکپسول اسانس هر دو گونه در مقایسه با اسانس خام، میزان LC50 کاهش یافت و دوام اسانس کپسوله‌شده نیز افزایش یافت.
نتیجه‌گیری: براساس نتایج، نانوکپسول کردن اسانس هر دو گونه اکالیپتوس، سمیت تنفسی اسانس را از طریق افزایش سمیت و رهایش کنترل‌شده ترکیبات مؤثره اسانس در کنترل این آفت افزایش داد، بنابراین این فرمولاسیون نانوکپسول برای آزمایش‌های سمیت بیشتر و در‌نهایت استفاده از آن در انبار پیشنهاد می‌شود. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Fumigant toxicity of two eucalyptus species on Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) as pure essential oil and nano-capsulated

نویسندگان [English]

  • Farshad Haghighian 1
  • Shahriar Jafari 2
  • Mohamad Ebrahim Farashiani 3
  • Maryam Negahban 4
  • Jahanshir Shakarami 2
1 Ph.D. student, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
2 Prof. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
3 Assistant Prof., Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
4 Associate Prof., Research institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: The red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)) (Tenebrionidae) is one of the main pests of stored products, especially cereal crops, all over the world. In recent years, to reduce the use of chemical pesticides, plant essential oils have gained attention. But despite their good potential, essential oils are unstable, and their toxicity decreases in a short time after use. Nanocapsule formulations can improve the efficiency of plant essential oils on stored product pests by increasing their toxicity and durability. This study was carried out with the aim of preparing nanocapsule formulations of essential oils of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and comparing their fumigant toxicity effects and non-formulated essential oils on T. castaneum adults.
Methodology: Eucalyptus leaves were collected from the Zaghmarz Eucalyptus research station in the south of Behshahr city, Mazandran Province, in July 2018. The collected dried leaves of Eucalyptus were hydrodistilled using a Clevenger-type apparatus. Identification of the constituents of essential oils was performed using GC-MS. Sodium alginate nanocapsules were prepared using basic hydrophilic surfactants. The survey of the surface and wall morphology of nanocapsules was conducted using a transmission electron microscope. The particle size distribution of nanocapsules was also determined. Fumigant toxicity testing was performed separately for each essential oil and nano-capsulated essential oil in four concentrations and at 24, 48, and 72 hours after applying the treatments, along with the control at 25°C and a relative humidity of 65% in darkness. PoloPlus software was used to estimate the LC10, LC25, LC50, and LC95.
Results: According to the results, the number of compounds in the essential oils of E. globulus was higher. The most important compounds of the essential oils of the two Eucalyptus species were terpenes, and 1,8-cineole, limonene, and pinene-α were the most important terpenes in the essential oils of E. globulus and E. camaldulensis, respectively. The results obtained from the transmission electron microscope images showed that nanocapsules containing Eucalyptus essential oil have nanoscale dimensions. The average particle size distribution for E. globulus and E. camaldulensis essential oil nanocapsules was determined to be about 150 and 100 nm, respectively. The essential oil of E. globulus was more toxic than the essential oil of E. camaldulensis. The values of LC50 at 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment for essential oil nanocapsules of E. globulus and E. camaldulensis were 5.9, 4.63, 3.8, and 9.5, 8.67, 6.7, respectively, and LC50 for raw essential oils of E. globulus and E. camaldulensis were 10.93, 9.63, 5.7, and 15.09, 12.86, 8.2 ml per liter of air, respectively. Based on the results, the nanocapsule formulation of the essential oils of both species, compared to the raw essential oil, showed a decrease in LC50, and the durability of the encapsulated essential oil also increased.
Conclusion: Based on our results, nanoencapsulation of Eucalyptus essential oil increased the fumigant toxicity of the essential oils by enhancing toxicity and the controlled release of effective compounds in controlling this pest. Therefore, this nanocapsule formulation is recommended for further toxicity tests and eventually its use in storage.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Stored pests
  • Nanocapsul
  • Eucalyptus
  • Acute toxicity
  • Essential oil

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 04 تیر 1402
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 03 بهمن 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 07 بهمن 1402

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