بررسی ریخت‌شناسی و فراوانی سلول‌های خونی لاروهای سوسک شاخک‌بلند رزاسه Osphranteria coerulescense Redt (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) و کرم خراط Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) دو آفت چوب‌خوار ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود

چکیده

     سلول‌های خونی فاکتور مهم دفاع حشره در برابر عوامل بیگانه مانند قارچ‌ها، باکتری‌ها، یا ذرات سموم هستند. مطالعه مرفولوژی سلول‌های خونی و فراوانی آنها به‌عنوان اولین گام در شناخت ویژگی‌های دفاع سلولی حشرات ضروریست. در این تحقیق، انواع سلول‌های خونی و جمعیت آنها در همولنف لارو سوسک شاخک‌بلند رزاسه  Osphranteria coerulescenseو کرم خراطZeuzera pyrina بررسی شد. چهار نوع هموسیت شامل پروهموسیت، پلاسموتوسیت، گرانولوسیت و اونوسیتویید در همولنف هر دو آفت شناسایی شدند. اسفرولوسیت‌ها در همولنف کرم خراط مشاهده شدند. پدوسیت­ها (نوعی پلاسموتوسیت) در لاروهای سن دوم و سوم سوسک شاخک‌بلند رزاسه وجود داشتند. پروهموسیت­ها به‌عنوان سلول‌های بنیادی، سلول­هایی کوچک بوده و اغلب مدور با هسته مرکزی مشاهده شدند. پلاسموتوسیت­ها ظاهر چندشکلی داشته و به‌همراه گرانولوسیت­ها فراوان­ترین سلول‌های همولنف سوسک شاخک‌بلند رزاسه و کرم خراط بودند. گرانولوسیت­ها دارای اندازه­های متغیر و اغلب کروی یا تخم‌مرغی شکل با هسته درشت بودند و بیشترین فراوانی را در لاروهای سنین بالای کرم خراط داشتند. اونوسیتوییدها نیز به‌صورت سلول‌هایی کوچک تا متوسط و تخم‌مرغی شکل با هسته جانبی مشاهده شدند. اسفرولوسیت­ها معمولاً سلول‌هایی گرد یا کشیده و بزرگ­تر از گرانولوسیت­ها بودند. شمارش کل سلول‌های خونی در مراحل مختلف لاروی هر دو حشره نشان داد که تعداد سلول‌ها با سن لاروی ارتباط مستقیم داشت. تعداد کل سلول‌ها در سن سوم سوسک شاخک‌بلند رزاسه و سن پنجم کرم خراط بیشتر از سایر سنین لاروی بود. با شمارش تفریقی سلول‌ها، فراوانی پلاسموتوسیت­ها و گرانولوسیت­ها در همه سنین لاروی از سایر سلول‌ها بیشتر بود. این یافته‌ها می‌تواند در راستای ایمنی‌شناسی سوسک شاخک‌بلند رزاسه و کرم خراط آنها مؤثر باشد.
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Study on morphology and frequency of hemocytes in Osphranteria coerulescense (Redt) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) larvae, two wood boring insects of Iran

نویسنده [English]

  • Maryam Ajamhassani
Shahrood University of Technology
چکیده [English]

     Hemocytes as the immune system are important factors against fungi, bacteria and insecticide particles. Studying the morphology of hemocytes and their frequency is essential as the first stage in identification of cellular immune characteristics. In the present research, the types of hemocytes were investigated in the haemolymph of Osphranteria coerulescense and Zeuzera pyrina larvae after staining with Giemsa and by light microscopy at 40x magnification. Four types of hemocytes including prohemocytes, plasmotocytes, granulocytes and oenocytoides were identified in hemolymph of both pests. Spherulocytes and podocytes were observed only in hemolymph of Z. pyrina and 2nd and 3rd instars larvae of Osphranteria coerulescense, respectively. Prohemocytes as stem cells were small and often round with central nucleus. Plasmotocytes had often polymorphism profile and together with granulocytes were the most abundant hemocytes in both insects. Granulocytes are variable in size, round or oval shape with large nucleus in relation to cell size. They were the most abundant cells in the hemolymph of 4th and 5th instars of Zeuzera pyrina. Oenocytoid were also found to be generally small to medium-sized, oval shape with round and eccentrical nucleus. Spherulocytes were usually rounded or elongated cells and larger than Granulocytes. The total hemocytes count at different larval stages of both insects showed that the number of cells was directly related to larval age. The total number of cells was higher in the 3rd instar larvae of O. coerulescence and 5th instar larvae of Z. pyrina in comparison to the other instars. Differential hemocyte count showed that frequency of Plasmotocytes and Granulocytes were the highest in all of larval instars. The present study provides detailed information of hemocyte profile and hemogram of two wood boring insects. These findings could be used as a basis for further investigation on the immunology studies of Osphranteria coerulescense and Zeuzera pyrina.
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Hemocytes
  • Osphranteria coerulescense
  • Zeuzera pyrina
  • Microscopic study
-Ajamhassani, M. 2014. Cellular reactions of Spodoptera littura (Fabricus) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) against entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana. Plant Pest Research, 4(2): 59-68 (In Persian).
-Ajamhassani, M. 2014. Study on cellular defense of larvae of Utethesia pulchella (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) against Beauveria bassiana and Isaria farinosae. Biocontrol in Plant Protection, 2(1): 57-67 (In Persian).
-Ajamhassani, M. 2015. Study on hemocytes of Hyles euphorbia. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Journal of Plant Protection, 38(3): 49-62 (In Persian).
-Ajamhassani, M. and Mahmoodzadeh, M. 2019. Cellular defense responses of 5th instar larvae of the Apple Ermine Moth, Yponomeuta malinellus (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) against starvation, thermal stresses and entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis.accepted in Journal of Animal Researches.
-Ajamhassani, M., Sendi, J.J., Zibaee, A., Askary, H. and Farsi, M.J. 2013. Immunoliogical responses of Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) to entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criy) and Isaria farinosae (Holmsk.) Fr. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 53(2): 110-118.
-Alford, D.V. 2007. Pests of Fruit Crops – A Colour Handbook. Manson Publishing, UK.
-Andrade, F., Negreiro, M., Gregorio, E. and Moscardi, F. 2003. Hemocytes of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae: morphological and quantitative studies. Acta Microscopica, 12: 59-63.
-Bao, Y., Yamano, Y. and Morishima, I. 2007. Induction of hemolin gene expression by bacterial cell wall components in eri-silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini. Molecular Biology, 146: 147−151.
-Brehelin, M., Drif, L., Baud, L. and Boemare, N. 1989. Insect haemolymph: Cooperation between humoral and cellular factors in Locusta migratoria. Insect Biochemistry, 19: 301-307.
-Cannon, J.P., Haire, R.N., Rast, J.P. and Litman, G.W. 2004. The phylogenetic origins of the antigen-binding receptors and somatic diversification mechanisms.Immunological Reviews, 200: 12–22.
-Ebrahimi, M. and Ajamhassani, M. 2017. The effects of starvation stresses and nutritional diets on the immune system of Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). 2nd Iranian International Congress of Entomology, 73.
-Ghasemi, V., Moharramipour, S. and Sendi, J.J. 2013. Circulating hemocytes of Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zell. (Lep.: Pyralidae) and their response to thermal stress. Invertebrate Survival Journal, 10: 128-140.
-Gupta, A.P. 1985. Cellular elements in the haemolymph. In: Kerkut, G. A., Gilbert, L. I. (Eds.), Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology Cambridge University Press, 85-127.
-Gupta, A.P. 1991. Insect immunocytes and other hemocytes: roles in cellular and humoral immunity. In: Gupta, A. P. (Ed.), Immunology of Insects and Other Arthropods. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 19–118.
-Hamidi Motlagh, H. 2005. Study on population density and damage intensity of Osphranteria coerulescens Redt. (Col: Cerambycidae) and its natural enemies on different genotypes of Rosa damascena. Master science thesis. Islamic Azad University, 94p (In Persian).
-Heinrich, G. 1978. Eastern Palearctic Hymenopterous insects of the subfamily Ichneumoninae. Leningrad, 1-81.
-Hilpert, H. 1992. Zur Systematik der Gattung Ichneumon Linnaeus, 1758 in der Westpalaearktis (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae). Entomofauna, 6: 1-389.
-Jalali, J. and Salehi, R. 2008. The hemocyte types, differential and total count in Papilio demoleus L. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) during postembryonic development. Munis Entomology & Zoology Journal, 3(1): 199-218.
-Jones, J.C. 1967. Changes in the hemocyte picture of Galleria mellonella L. The Biological Bulletin, (Woods Hole), 132: 211-221.
-Khosravi, R., Jalali Sendi, J. and Ghasemi, V. 2012. Identification of hemocytes in carob moth, Ectomoyeloisceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae. Plant Pests Research, 2(3): 29-39 (In Persian)
-Lavin, M.D. and Strand, M.R. 2002. Insect hemocytes and their role in immunity.Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 32: 1295-1309.
-Ling, E., Shirai, K., Kanekatsu, R., Kobayashi, Y., Tu, Z. and Funayama, T. 2003. Why does hemocyte density rise at the wandering stage in the silkworm, Bombyx mori?. Journal of Insect Biotechnology Sericology, 72: 101-10.
-Ling, E., Shirai, K., Kanekatsu, R. and Kiguchi, K. 2005. Hemocyte differentiation in the hematopoietic organs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori: prohemocytes have the function of phagocytosis. Journal of Cell and Tissue Research, 320: 535-543.
-Ling, E. and Yu, X. 2006. Hemocytes from the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta have distinct functions in phagocytosis of foreign particles and self dead cells. Immunology, 30: 301-309.
-Manachini, B., Arizza, V., Parrinello, D. and Parrinello, N. 2011. Hemocytes of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and their response to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus thuringiensis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 106: 360-365.
-Nahla, M., Hanan, Abd El-Aziz. and Awad, H. 2010. Changes in the haemocytes of Agrotis ipsilon larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in relation to dimilin and Bacillus thuringiensis infections. Micron, 41: 203-209.
-Nardi, J.B., Pilas, B., Ujhelyi, E., Garsha, K. and Kanost, M.R. 2003. Hematopoetic organs of Manduca sexta and hemocyte lineages. Developmental Genes Evolution, 213: 477-491.
-Noyes, J.S. 2013. UniversalChalcidoidea Database. World Wide Web electronic publication. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/chalcidoids (Accessed: 24 April 2013).
-Parmakelis, A., Slotman, M.A., Marshall, J.C., Awono-Ambene, P.H. and Antonio-Nkondjio, C. 2008. The molecular evolution of four anti-malarial immune genes in the Anopheles gambiae species complex. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8: 79.
-Pourali, Z. and Ajamhassani, M. 2018. The effect of thermal stresses on the immune system of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 37(4): supplementary, 515-525.
-Riberio, C. and Brehelin, M. 2006. Insect haemocytes: What type of cell is. Journal of Insect Physiology, 52: 417-429.
-Rohani, M. and Samih, M.A. 2012. The efficiency of pheromone traps in attracting and capturing Zeuzerapyrina L. (Lepidoptra: Cossidae) in walnut orchards. International Journal of Agricultural Science, 2(7): 583-587 (In Persian).
-Soderhal, K., Cerenius, L. and Johansson, M.W. 1994. The prophenoloxidase activating system and its role in invertebrate defense. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 712: 155-161.
-Strand, M.R. and Pech, L.L. 1995.Immunological basis for compatibility in parasitoid-host relationships. Annual Review of Entomology, 40: 31-56.
-Tan, J., Xu, M., Zhang, K., Wang, X., Chen, S., Li, T., Xiang, Z. and Cui, H. 2013. Characterization of hemocytes proliferation in larval silkworm, Bombyx mori. Journal of Insect Physiology, 59: 595-603.
-Tanaka, H. and Yamakawa, M. 2011. Regulation of the innate immune responses in the silkworm. Invertebrate Survival Journal, 8: 59-69.
-Valades-Lira, J.A., Gonzalez, J.M., Damas, G., Meja, G., Oppert, B., Padilla, C. and Guerra, P. 2011. Comparative evaluation of phenoloxidase activity in different larval stages of four lepidopteran after exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis. Journal of Insect Science, 12(80): 1-11.
-Wago, H. 1991. Phagocytic recognition in Bombyx mori. In: Gupta AP (ed.) Immunology of insects and other arthropods. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 215-235.
-Yamashita, M. and Iwabuchi, K. 2001. Bombyx mori prohemocytes division and differentiation in individual microcultures. Journal of Insect Physiology, 47: 325-331.