- قهرمانی، م. ع. 1382. جمعآوری و شناسایی فلور استان آذربایجانشرقی. گزارش نهایی طرح پژوهشی، موسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور ، 365 صفحه.
- کریمپور، ی. ، فتحیپور، ی. ، طالبی، ع.ا. و محرمی پور، س. 1384. زیستشناسی شبپره برگخوار فرفیون، Simyra dentinosa (Lep., Noctuidae) و شناسایی پارازیتوئیدهای آن در ارومیه. مجله علوم کشاورزی ایران، 36: 475- 484.
- کریمپور، ی. ، فتحیپور، ی. ، طالبی، ع.ا. و محرمیپور، س. 1385. زیستشناسی شب پره Hyles euphorbiae (Lep., Sphingidae) روی گونههای فرفیون و شناسایی پارازیتوئیدهای آن در آذربایجانغربی. مجله علوم کشاورزی ایران، 37: 727- ۷۳۵.
- Best, K. F., Bowes, G. G., Thomas, A. G. and Maw, M. G. 1980. The biology of Canadian weeds. 39. Euphorbia esula L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 60: 651- 663.
- Dunn, P. H. 1979. The distribution of leafy spurge ( Euphorbia esula L. ) and other weedy Euphorbia spp. in the United States. Weed Science, 27: 509 – 516.
- Fornasari, L. 1996. Biology and ethology of Aphthona spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Alticinae) associated with Euphorbia spp. (Euphorbiaceae), pp. 293-313. In Jolivet, P. H. A. and M. L. Cox (eds.). Chrysomelidae Biology, Vol. 3. Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Gassmann, A. and Schroeder, D. 1995. The search for effective biological control agents in Europe: History and lessons from leafy spurge ( Euphorbia esula L.) and cypress spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias L.). Biological Control, 5: 466 – 477.
- Gassmann, A., Schroeder, D., Maw, E. and Sommer, G.1996. Biology, ecology, and host specificity of European Aphthona spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) used as biocontrol agents for leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula (Euphorbiaceae) in North America. Biological Control, 6: 105-113.
- Hein, D. G. and Miller, S. D. 1992. Influence of leafy spurge on forage utilization by cattle. Journal of Range Management, 45: 405 – 407.
- Kronberg, S. L.,2007. Study Aims At Making Cattle Graze Spurge.
- Kronberg, S. L., Muntifering, R. B., Ayers, E. L. and Marlow, C. B.1993. Cattle avoidance of leafy spurge: a case of conditioned aversion. Journal of Range Management, 46: 364-366.
- Leitch, J. A., Leistritz, F. L. and Bangsund, D. A.1994. Economic Effect of Leafy Spurge in the Upper Great Plains: Methods, Models and Results. Agricultural Economics Report No. 316, Agricultural Experiment Station, North DakotaStateUniversity, Fargo, North Dakota, USA.
- Lym, R. G.1998. The biology and integrated management of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) on North Dakota rangeland. Weed Technology, 12: 367-373.
- Manojlovic, B. and Keresi, T. 1997. Dosadasnja proucavanja fitofagnih insekata za biolosko suzbijanje biljaka iz roda Euphorbia L. (Euphrobiales: Euphorbiaceae J. St. Hill.). Zastita-Bilja, 48: 23-48.
- Nowierski, R. M., Zeng, Z., Schroeder, D., Gassmann, A., FitzGerald, B. C. and Cristofaro, M. 2002. Habitat associations of Euphorbia and Aphthona species from Europe: Development of predictive models for natural enemy release using ordination analysis. Biological Control, 23: 1-17.
- Pecora, P., Sobhian, R. and Cristofaro, M. 1992. Simyra dentinosa F. (Lep., Noctuidae) a candidate for biological control of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) in the United States. Biological Control, 2: 78 – 85.
- Pemberton, R. W. and Wang, R. 1989. Survey for natural enemies of Euphorbia esula L. in northern China and innner Mongolia. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 5: 64-67.
- Richard, R. D., Prosser, C. W. and O’Brein, C. 2001. Operations component contributions to team leafy spurge, area–wide integrated management of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) p. 162. In: Modera, N. D. (Ed.) Proceedings of leafy spurge symposium. June 19 – 21, 2001.
- Watson, A. K. 1985. Introduction the leafy spurge problem, pp. 1-6. In: Watson, A.K. (ed.). Leafy spurge. Monograph No. 3. Weed Science Society of America, Champaign, Illinois, USA.