Document Type : Short paper
Authors
1
PhD, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran.
2
Assistant Prof., Research Institute of Forests and Rangeland, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
3
Associate Pro., Research Institute of Forests and Rangeland, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
4
Associate Prof., Department of Plant Pathology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
10.22092/ijfrpr.2025.367919.1654
Abstract
Background and Objective: Phytoplasmas are small, cell wall–less bacteria that live as obligate parasites in the phloem tissues of plants and can cause significant diseases. Due to the absence of a cell wall, these bacteria are capable of penetrating plant cells and utilizing plant nutrients. Phytoplasmas are recognized as plant pathogens and can directly affect plant metabolic processes. Symptoms caused by phytoplasma infection include leaf yellowing, dwarfism, conversion of flowers into leaf-like structures (phyllodes), and reduced plant productivity. These symptoms not only compromise plant health but may also lead to decreased agricultural output and considerable economic losses. Given the critical importance of agriculture for food security and the livelihoods of farmers, understanding and managing diseases caused by phytoplasmas is essential.
Methodology: In this study, Haloxylon ammodendron shrubs showing symptoms of witch’s broom were sampled in Qom and Tehran provinces to conduct a detailed investigation of phytoplasma presence in these plants. Total DNA extraction was performed, involving the isolation and purification of DNA from plant tissues. This procedure required high precision and strict adherence to specific conditions to prevent sample contamination. Following DNA extraction, Nested-PCR was employed to identify and confirm the presence of phytoplasma in the samples. This method enables accurate detection and allows further analysis of phytoplasma genetic diversity. Additionally, modern molecular techniques, including genome sequencing, may provide deeper insights into the biological and pathogenic characteristics of phytoplasmas.
Results: The findings revealed that phytoplasma is widespread in certain areas of Qom and Tehran provinces, posing a significant threat to Haloxylon-planted regions in these areas. This report is particularly noteworthy as it represents the first confirmed occurrence of phytoplasma infection in H. ammodendron shrubs in Iran and worldwide. Desert ecosystems, such as Haloxylon shrublands, play a crucial role in soil preservation and erosion prevention, and the spread of phytoplasma could lead to the degradation of these habitats. Furthermore, the results highlight the urgent need for effective control measures to prevent the disease from spreading, as these shrublands are critical not only for the environment but also for the livelihoods of local communities.
Conclusion: There is a clear necessity for further research and the implementation of appropriate management strategies to control and prevent phytoplasma disease in Haloxylon shrublands. Considering the disease’s occurrence in multiple regions, identifying vectors and transmission pathways is of particular importance. This knowledge can assist researchers and practitioners in designing effective control and prevention strategies. Therefore, a comprehensive and multifaceted approach is required for managing this disease, involving scientific research, interdisciplinary collaboration, and active participation of local communities to preserve the health of Haloxylon ecosystems. In addition, educating farmers about disease symptoms and preventive measures should be an integral component of management programs aimed at minimizing the damage caused by phytoplasma.
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