Pests, diseases and weeds associated with thyme species in Chaharmahal & Bakhtiary province

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

    Thyme is one of the most important medicinal plants in‍ Chaharmahal-Bakhtiary province. Importance of this medicinal plant in the province was the driving force to study pests and diseases affecting different thyme species. In order to collect insects, pathogenic organisms and weeds associated with thyme species six sites in natural conditions as well as six sites in plantation areas were selected and sampling procedures were conducted during 2008-2010 period. The results indicated that there were three major insect and acari pests include Aphis serpylli on T. daenensis, Thrips tabaci on T. vulgaris and T. daenensis and Tetranychus urticae on T. vulgaris. and Fusarium oxysporum from T. vulgaris , Puccinia serpylli from T. daenensis , Golovinomyces biocellatus from T. daenensis ,Meloidogyne javanica from T. vulgaris ,T. daenensis and T. kotschyanus were impotant diseases. There were five weed species include Cynodon dactylon , Amaranthus retroflexus, Convolvulus arvensis, Plantago lanceolata و Chenopodium album as important thyme plantation weeds in this province. 

Keywords


- آقاپور، ب.، عباسیور، م و اکرمیان، م.، 01389گزارش گونه Puccinia serpylli روی آویشن،Thymus fedtschenko در ایران. خلاصه مقالات نوزدهمین کنگره گیاه پزشکی در ایران، صفحه 44.
- ارشاد، ج.، 1374. قارچ های ایران. انتشارات سازمان تحقیقات وآموزش کشاورزی، 874 صفحه.
- رجبی مظهر، ن.، صادقی، س. ا.، عادل، ف.، 1390. بررسی آفات و بیماری های آویشن در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری. دو فصلنامه علمی پژو هشی تحقیقات حفاظت و حمایت جنگل ها و مراتع ایران. 9 (1): صفحه 26-36.
- شاهرخی، ن.، 1375. روش‎های کنترل کیفی مواد اولیه داروهای گیاهی. مرکز انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی شهید بهشتی، 135 صفحه.
- صمصام شریعت، ه. و معطر، ف.، 1375. گیاهان و داروهای طبیعی. انتشارات مشعل اصفهان، 461 صفحه.
- نصر اصفهانی، م.، باقری، م.ر.، جلالی، ص.، احمدی، ع.، طباطبائی، ر وانصاری پور، ب.، 1384. بررسی فونستیک آفات، بیماری‎ها و علف های هرز گیاهان داروئی در اصفهان. خلاصه مقالات همایش ملی توسعه پایدار گیاهان داروئی، 647 صفحه.
- Bahcecioglu, Z and Gjaerum, H. B., 2004. New and rare rust fungi (Uredinales) from Anatolia (Turkey). Mycotaxon, 90: 55-68.
- Bellardi, M. G and Rubies, A., 2001. First Report of Broad bean wilt virus on Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Plant Disease, 85(1): 99.
- Blackman, R. L and Eastop ,V. F., 2006. Aphids on the World’s Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs. Volume 2, the Aphids. John Wiley & Sons with the Natural History Museum, London, 1324 p.
- Booth, C., 1971. The Genus Fusarium. Kew, Surrey, England: Common wealth Mycological Institute, 237 p.
- Burger, Y., Katzir, N., Tzuri, G., Portnoy, V., Saar , U., Shriber , S., Perl-Treves, R and Cohen, R., 2003. Variation in the response of melon genotypes to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis race 1 determined by inoculation tests and molecular markers. Plant Pathology, 52: 204-211.
- Gao, G and Bergefurd, B., 2000. Growing, harvesting and using culinary herbs. Available on: http://www.uri.edu/ce/factsheets/sheets/herbs.html.
- Garibaldi, A., Minuto, A and Gullino M. L., 2004. First Report of white mold caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Thymus × citriodorus in Italy. Plant Disease, 88: 1044
- Graves, W. R., 1995. First report of Corynospora cassicola leaf spot of thyme in Florida. Plant diseases, 79: 1186.
- Gruey, B. A., 2005. A comparative list of the leaf beetles of the Balkan countries. Animalia, 41: 23-46.
- Hansen, H. N and Smith, R. E., 1932. The mechanisms of variation in imperfect fungi-
Phytopathology, 37: 369-371.
- Hidalgo, N. P. and Nieto Nafria, J. M., 2004. A new species of Aphis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) living on roots of Thymus mastichina (Lamiaceae) from Spain. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 40 (2): 193-198.
- Hopkins, G. W. and Thacke, J. I., 1999. Ants and habitat specificity in aphids. Journal of Insect Conservation, 3: 25-31.
 -Hylander, N., Jorstad, I and Nannfeldt, J. A., 1953. Enumerato Uredinearum Scandinavicarum. Opera Bot, 1: 1-102.
-James, T. K., Rahman, A., Douglas, J. A., 1991. Control of weeds in five herb medicinal crops. Proceedings of the Forty-Forth New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference. p. 116-120.
- Kalkandelen, A., 1974. Orta anadoluda Homoptera: Cicadellidae familyasi turlerinin taksonomileri uzerida arastirmalar.Zirai mucadele ve kavantina genel mudurlugu. Arastirma eserleri serisi, 221 p.
- Kaydan, M. B., Kozcr, F and Yapar, B., 2002. Three New Rhizopulvinaria Species (Homoptera: Coccidae) for scale insect fauna of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 26: 301-304.
- Lesli, J. F and Summerell, B.A., 2006. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Ames, USA- Blackwell Publishing, 388p.
- Liberato, J. R and Cunnington, J. H., 2007. Powedery mildew on Mentha in Australia. Plant Disease Notes, 2: 83-86.
- Lodos, N. and Kolkandelen, A., 1985. Preliminary list of Auchenorrhyncha with notes on distribution and importance of species in Turkey. XVII. Family-Cicadelldae: Deltocephalinae: Grypotini, Goniagnathini and Opsiini. Turkish Journal Plant Protection, 9: 79-90.
- Martini, P. S. O., Cassicola, S. and Savona, B., 2006. Root and basal stem rot caused by Phytophtora nicotiana on Thyme in Liguria. Acta Horticulturae, 723: 477-480.
- Nelson, P. E., Toussoun, T. A and Marasas, W. F. O., 1983. Fusarium Species: An Illustrated Manual for Identification. Pennsylvania, USA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 193 p. 
- Osiadacz, B and Wojciechowski, W., 2009. An annotated check–list of aphids (Aphididae) of the Ojcowski National Park (Southern Poland). Aphid and other Hemiperaerous Insects, 13: 51-66.
- Petrak, F. 1953. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Pilzflora Irans. Sydowia, 7: 50-78.
- Prevett, D., 1953. Notes on the feeding habits and life history of Galeruca tanaceti L. (Col., Chrysomelidae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 89: 292-293
- Rung, A., 2009. A leaf hopper plants in the mint family, Eupteryx decomnotata Reg., Ligurian leaf hopper, new to North America. Insecta mundi, 1-4.
- Salisbury, A., 2002. The rosemary beetle Chrysolina americana L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Britain. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 138: 77-80.
- Santiago – Blay, J. A., 2004. Leaf –mining Chrysomelidea. SPB Academic Publishing by The Hague, the Netherlands, 84 pp.
- Stahl-Biskup, E., 1995. Essential oil and glycosidically bound volatiles of Lemonscented Thyme (Thymus citriodorus Pers.). Flavour Fragrance Journal, 10: 5-229. 
- Tsitsipis, J. A., Katis, N. I., Margaritopoulos, J. T., Lykouressis, D. P., Avgelis, A. D., Gargalianou, I., Zarpas, K. D., Perdikis, D. C., Papapanayotou, A. 2007. A contribution to the aphid fauna of Greece. Bulletin of Insectology; 60 (1): 31–38.
- Uechi, N and Yukawa, J., 2004. Description of Asphondylia itoi (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing fruit galls on Distylium racem. Esakia, 44: 27-43.
- Wolcan, S. M., 2009. Powdery mildew of Origanum vulgar caused by Golovinomyces biocellatus. Journal of Plant Pathology, 91 (2): 499-505.
- Yan, B. L., Ring, K., Breland, B and Thompson, J. D., 2005. A chemical polymorphism in a muttitorphic: Thyme monoterepene composition and food web structure. The American Naturalist, 166: 4.
- Young, D. A and Frazier, N. W., 1954. A study of the leaf hopper genus Circulifer. Hilgardia, 23: 25-52.
- Zawirska, I., 1988. Thysanoptera collected in Poland. Fragm Faun, 31 (13): 361-411.