Diversity of medicinal, edible, and poisonus fungi located on the deadwood of beech

Document Type : Short paper

Authors

1 Department of Forestry, Sari Agriculture Science and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran. E-mail:hamed_aghajani@ut.ac.ir & hamed_aghajani_85@yahoo.com. Phone No: +989111186950. Fax: +9801133299089

2 null

Abstract

Forest management has an essential impact on the growth of medicinal, edible, and poisonous wood-inhabiting fungi. Identification and cultivation of some edible fungi play an important role in supplying food needs and knowing medicinal fungi can be important for maintaining health and treating many diseases. The purpose of this study was to identify of wood-inhabiting fungi on deadwood of Fagus orientalis trees in the Darabkola forests. Also, we categorized these fungi into medical, edible, and poisonous groups, and present the volume of deadwood in these forests. After conducting preliminary field survey, sampling was done from deadwood. Identification of fungi in the fungal laboratory through morphology and extraction of ITS nrDNA region was done and sequenced using ITS1 and ITS4 primers and corrected with Bio Edit software and analyzed in NCBI. The results showed that 37 fungi species were identified, and among which, 70% had medicinal and economic values, 22% had edible value, and 8% had toxicity characteristic. A total of 15 deadwoods were studied, and 40 taxons of edible, medicinal, and poisonous were identified. Also, most of the species on deadwoods were found to be Trametes versicolor, Lenzites betulinus, Daldinia concentrica, Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma lucidum, and Fomes fomentarius, respectively. In conclusion, in order to manage the deadwood in a forest ecosystem for increasing the diversity of medical and edible fungi, it is suggested that to preserve the deadwood

Keywords

References

-Abrego, N. and Salcedo, I. 2013. Variety of woody debris as the factor influencing wood-inhabiting fungal richness and assemblages: Is it a question of quantity or quality?. Forest ecology and management, 291: 377-385.
-Acar, İ., Uzun, Y., Demirel, K. and Keleş, A. 2015. Macrofungal diversity of Hani (Diyarbakır/Turkey) district. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 8(1): 28-34.
-Aghajani, H., Marvie Mohadjer, M.R. Asef, M.R. and Shirvany, A. 2013. The relationship between abundance of wood macrofungi on chestnut-leave Oak (Quercus castaneifolia C.A.M.) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) and physiographic factors (Case study: Kheyroud forest, Noshahr). Journal of Natural Environment, Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 66(1): 1-12 (In Persian).
-Aghajani, H., Marvi Mohadjer, M.R. Asef, M.R. and Shirvany, A. 2016. Abundance of wood decay macrofungi in forest ecosystems with different management histories in the Kheyroud forest, Nowshahr, northern Iran. Forest Research and Development, 1(4): 295-305 (In Persian).
-Aghajani, H. 2017. Study and identification of Ectomycorrhizal fungi with oriental beech tree (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and its relationship with soil chemistry along an altitude gradient. PhD. thesis, Faculty of Natural resources, Sari Agriculture Science and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran, 97p (in Persian).
-Aghajani, H., Bari, E., Bahmani, M., Humar, M., Tajick Ghanbary, M.A. Nicholas, D.D. and Zahedian, E. 2018. Influence of relative humidity and temperature on cultivation of Pleurotus species. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología, 20(4): 571-578.
-Anonymous, 2008. Management Plan of District Felord. Forest, Range and Watershed Management Organiziation, Sari, 210p (In Persian).
-Azizi, M., Porianfar, H.R. and Orojalian, F. 2011. Medicinal Mushrooms. Mashhad Jahad Press, 200p (In Persian).
-Bal, C., Akgul, H., Sevindik, M., Akata, I. and Yumrutas, O. 2017. Determination of the anti-oxidative activities of six mushrooms. Fresen Environ Bull, 26: 6246–6252.
-Boa, E.R. 2004. Wild edible fungi: a global overview of their use and importance to people (No. 17). Food and Agriculture Organization.
-Ćilerdžić, J.L., Stajić, M.M., Milovanović, I.N., Galić, M.M. and Vukojević, J.B. 2017. Antioxidative potential of Daedaleopsis tricolor basidiocarps and mycelium. The journal Matica srpska Journal for Natural Sciences, 132: 19–27.
-Cheng, L.J., Xie, X.R., Yang, M., Liu, F., Lian, X.J. and Jiang, F.R. 2017a. Study on effects of Ganoderma lucidum extract on immunity of mice organism. Journal of Chengdu Chengdu 
 (Natural Science Edition), 36: 361–363.
-Cheng, P., Geng, Y., Xu, H.Y., Lu, Z.M., Shi, J.S. and Xu, Z.H. 2017b. Isolation and anti-inflammatory activity of n-hexane extract from Armillaria mellea. Natural Product Research and Development, 29: 1523–1528.
-Chirinang, P. and Intarapichet, K.O. 2009. Amino acids and antioxidant properties of the oyster mushrooms, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus sajor-caju. Scienceasia, 35: 326–331.
-Dai, Y.C., Yang, Z.L., Cui, B.K., Yu, C.J. and Zhou, L.W. 2009. Species diversity and utilization of medicinal mushrooms and fungi in China (Review). The International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 11: 287–302.
-Eriksson, J. and Ryvarden, L. 1975. The Corticiaceae of North Europe. Fungiflora, Oslo, Norway, 288p.
-Fergus, C. 2003. Common edible and poisonous mushrooms of the northeast. Stackpole Books.
-Gao, H.L., Lei, L.S., Yu, C.L., Zhu, Z.G., Chen, N.N. and Wu, S.G. 2009. Immunomodulatory effects of Fomes fomentarius polysaccharides: an experimental study in mice. Journal of Southern Medical University, 29: 458–461.
-Gardes, M. and Bruns, T.D. 1993. ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes: application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molecular Ecology, 2: 113-118.
-Gilbertson, R.L. and Ryvarden, L. 1986. North American Polypores. Fungiflora, Oslo, 433p.
-Giri, S., Biswas, G., Pradhan, P., Mandal, S.C. and Acharya, K. 2012. Antimicrobial activities of basidiocarps of wild edible mushrooms of West Bengal, India. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 4: 1554–1560.
-Habashi, H. 1997. Investigation of importance of dead wood in Mazandaran, Vaz forest. M.Sc. thesis, Department of Forestry and forest economics, Faculty of Natural resources, University of Tehran, 127p.
-Hall, I.R., Buchanan, P.K., Cole, A.L., Yun, W. and Stephenson, S. 2003. Edible and poisonous mushrooms of the world (Vol. 103), Portland, Timber Press.
-Han, Y., Bao, H.Y., Ma, L., Chen, W.J. and Bau, T. 2019. Prevention and treatment of chronic glomerulonephritis in mice by administrating Irpex lacteus fruiting body extract. Mycosystema, 38(3): 428–439.
-Harmon, M.E., Franklin, J.F., Swanson, F.J., Sollins, P., Gregory, S.V., Lattin, J.D. and Lienkaemper, G.W. 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in ecological research, 15: 133-302.
-Huang, T.Z., Du, D.Y., Chen, Y.Q., Yuan, B., Ju, X.Y., Feng, Y.J., Wang, L. and Jiang, J.H. 2012. Chemical constituents and antitumor activity of fruiting body of Fomes fomentarius. Mycosystema, 5: 775–783.
-Huffman, D.M., Tiffany, L.H., Knaphus, G. and Healy, R.A. 2008. Mushrooms and other fungi of the midcontinental United States. University of Iowa Press.
-Hottola, J., Ovaskainen, O. and Hanski, I. 2009. A unified measure of the number, volume and diversity of dead trees and the response of fungal communities. Journal of Ecology, 97(6): 1320-1328.
-Hybelbauerová, S., Sejbal, J., Dračínský, M., Hahnová, A. and Koutek, B. 2008. Chemical Constituents of Stereum subtomentosum and Two Other Birch‐Associated Basidiomycetes: An Interspecies Comparative Study. Chemistry and biodiversity, 5(5): 743-750.
-Jaszek, M., Osińska-Jaroszuk, M., Janusz, G., Matuszewska, A., Stefaniuk, D., Sulej, J., Polak, J., Ruminowicz, M., Grzywnowicz, K. and Jarosz-Wilkołazka, A. 2013. New bioactive fungal molecules with high antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity isolated from Cerrenaunicolor idiophasic cultures. BioMed Research International, https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/497492.
-Jang, Y.W., Lee, I.K., Kim, Y.S., Lee, S., Lee, H.J., Yu, S.H. and Yun, B. S. 2007. Xylarinic acids A and B, new antifungal polypropionates from the fruiting body of Xylaria polymorpha. The Journal of antibiotics, 60(11): 696.
-Johnsy, G. and Kaviyarasan, V. 2011. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Trametes gibbosa (pers) Fr. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 4: 3939–3942.
-Junninen, K., Similä, M., Kouki, J. and Kotiranta, H. 2006. Assemblages of wood‐inhabiting fungi along the gradients of succession and naturalness in boreal pine‐dominated forests in Fennoscandia. Ecography, 29(1): 75-83.
-Klaus, A., Kozarski, M., Niksic, M., Jakovljevic, D., Todorovic, N. and van Griensve,n L.J.L.D. 2011. Antioxidative activities and chemical characterization of polysaccharides extracted from the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 44: 2005–2011.
-Kolundžić, M., Grozdanić, N.Ð., Dodevska, M., Milenković, M., Sisto, F., Miani, A., Farronato, G. and Kundaković, T. 2016. Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of wild mushroom Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr., Polyporaceae. Industrial Crops and Products, 79: 110–115.
-Kozarski, M., Klaus, A., Nikšić, M., Vrvić, M.M., Todorović, N., Jakovljević, D. and Van Griensven, L.J.L.D. 2012. Antioxidative activities and chemical characterization of polysaccharide extracts from the widely used mushrooms Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinus edodes and Trametes versicolor. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,
26: 144–153.
-Levin, L., Viale, A. and Forchiassin, A. 2003. Degradation of organic pollutants by the white rot basidiomycete Trametes trogii. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 52(1): 1-5.
-Li, B.Y., Wu, X.L., Song, B., Li, T.H., Zhong, J.X. and Chen, H.Q. 2013. Distribution of the medicinal Ganoderma ssp in Hainan. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences, 3: 171–173.
 -Li, T.T., Huang, Z.R., Pan, Y.Y., Jia, R.B. and Hua, P.P. 2017. Analysis of chemical constituents of Ganoderma lucidum and its antioxidantactivity in polysaccharides and triterpenoids. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 38: 63–73.
-Li, A., Yuan, W.B., Zhang, Z.G., Bai, Z.X., Du, D.J. and Wang, S.M. 2018. Study on the immunological activity of Irpex lacteus fermentation fluid and its distinct components. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 37: 72–74.
-Liu, Q., Wang, H. and Ng, T.B. 2006. First report of a xylose-specific lectin with potent hemagglutinating, antiproliferative and anti-mitogenic activities from a wild ascomycete mushroom. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, 1760(12): 1914-1919.
-Liu, K., Wang, J.L., Gong, W.Z., Xiao, X. and Wang, Q. 2013. Antioxidant activities in vitro of ethanol extract and fractions from mushroom, Lenzites betulina. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 37: 687–693.
-Liu, K., Wang, J.L., Zhao, L. and Wang, Q. 2014. Anticancer and antimicrobial activities and chemical composition of the birch mazegill mushroom Lenzites betulina (higher Basidiomycetes). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 16: 327–337.
-Lung, M.Y. and Chang, Y.C. 2011. Antioxidant properties of the edible basidiomycete Armillaria mellea in submerged cultures. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12: 6367–6384.
-Ma, Y.P., Mao, D.B., Geng, L.J., Wang, Z. and Xu, C.P. 2013. Production, fractionation, characterization of extracellular polysaccharide from a newly isolated Trametes gibbosa and its hypoglycemic activity. Carbohydrate Polymers, 96: 460–465.
-Ma, K., Bao, L., Han, J.J., Jin, T., Yang, X.L., Zhao, F., Li, S.F., Song, F.H., Liu, M.M. and Liu, H.W. 2014. New benzoate derivatives and hirsutane type sesquiterpenoids with antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity from the solid-state fermented rice by the medicinal mushroom Stereum hirsutum. Food Chemistry, 143: 239–245.
-Ma, B.P., Luo, X.Y., Liu, S.C. and Li, R.C. 2017. Advances in the research of Schizophyllum commune Fr. Edible Med Mushrooms, 25: 303–307.
-Marvie Mohadjer, M.R. 2011. Silviculture. University of Tehran Press, Tehran, 418p (In Persian).
-Mizerska-Dudka, M., Jaszek, M., Błachowicz, A., Rejczak, T.P., Matuszewska, A., Osińska-Jaroszuk, M., Stefaniuk, D., Janusz, G., Sulej, J. and Kandefer-Szerszeń, M. 2015. Fungus Cerrena unicolor as an effective source of new antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anticancer compounds. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 79:459–468.
-Mo, G.Y., Wu, J.Q., Ren, Q.Y., He, X.S. and Huang, Y. 2018. Optimization the extraction technology of antioxidant substances from Daldinia concentrica by orthogonal experiment. Edible Fungi China, 37: 51–55.
-Mohanta, Y.K., Singdevsachan, S.K., Parida, U.K., Panda, S.K., Mohanta. T.K. and Bae, H. 2016. Green synthesis and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles using wild medicinal mushroom Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. from Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India. IET Nanobiotechnology, 10:184–189.
-Nordén, B. and Paltto, H. 2001. Wood-decay fungi in hazel wood: species richness correlated to stand age and dead wood features. Biological Conservation, 101(1): 1-8.
-Prendecka, M., Szyjka K. and Rogalski, J. 2003. Purification and Properties of a-galactosidase Isosymes from Phlebia radiata. Polskie Towarzystwo Mikrobiologów the Polish Society of Microbiologists, 52(1): 25-33.
-Osińska-Jaroszuk, M., Jaszek, M., Mizerska-Dudka, M., Błachowicz, A., Rejczak, T.P., Janusz, G., Wydrych, J., Polak, J., Jarosz-Wilołazka, A. and Kandefer-Szerszen´, M. 2014. Exopolysaccharide from Ganoderma applanatum as a promising bioactive compound with cytostatic and antibacterial properties. BioMed Research International, https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/743812
-Ostry, M.E., O'Brien, J.G. and Anderson, N.A. 2011. Field guide to common macrofungi in eastern forests and their ecosystem functions. Government Printing Office.
-Qi, Q.Y., Ren, J.W., Sun, L.W., He, L.W., Bao, L., Yue, W., Sun, Q.M., Yao, Y.J., Yin, W.B. and Liu, H.W. 2015. Stucturally diverse sesquiterpenes produced by a Chinese Tibet fungus Stereum hirsutum and their cytotoxic and immunosuppressant activities.
Organic Letters, 17:3098–3101.
-Ren, Y.L., Chen, H.D., Lu, Z.M., Geng, Y, Xu, G.H. and Xu, Z.H. 2018. Antineuroinflammation effects of n-hexane extract from mycelia of Armillaria mellea. Mycosystema, 37: 1082–1089.
-Ryvarden, L. 1991. Genera of Polypores. Nomenclature and Taxonomy. Synopsis Fungorum 5, Fungoflora, Oslo, Norway, 363p.
-Ryvarden, L. and Gilbertson, R.L. 1993. European polypores. Oslo: Fungiflora, 387p.
-Sefidi, K. 2007. Qualitative and Quantitative investigation of dead trees (Snags and Down trees) in a Managed Beech Forest, North of Iran. M.Sc. thesis, Department of Forestry and forest economics, Faculty of Natural resources, University of Tehran, 92p (In Persian).
-Senyuk, O.F., Gorovoj, L.F., Beketova, G.V., Savichuk, N.O., Rytik, P.G., Kucherov, I.I., Prilutckaya, A.B. and Prilutsky, A.I. 2011. Anti-infective properties of the melanin-glucan complex obtained from medicinal tinder bracket mushroom, Fomes fomentarius (L.:Fr.) Fr. (Aphyllophoromycetideae). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 13:7–18.
-Shen, X.Y., Ma, T., Ma, X., Huang, Y.T. and Liu, C.L. 2017. Isolation, purification and free radical scavenging activities of polysaccharide from Lenzites betulina. Mycosystema, 36: 1271–1277.
-Shinners-Carnelley, T.C., Szpacenko, A., Tewari, J.P. and Palcic, M.M. 2002. Enzymatic activity of Cyathus olla during solid state fermentation of canola roots. Phytoprotection, 83(1): 31-40.
-Sivaprakasam, E., Kavitha, D., Balakumar, R., Sridhar, S. and Kumar, J.S. 2011. Antimicrobial activity of whole fruiting bodies of Trametes hirsuta (Wulf.:Fr.) Pil. against some common pathogenic bacteria and fungus. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 3: 219–221.
-Smina, T.P., De, S., Devasagayam, T.P.A., Adhikari, S. and Janardhanan, K.K. 2011. Ganoderma lucidum, total triterpenes prevent radiationinduced DNA damage and apoptosis in splenic lymphocytes in vitro. Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 726: 188–194.
-Stadler, M., Fournier, J., Quang, D.N. and Akulov, A.Y. 2007. Metabolomic studies on the chemical ecology of the Xylariaceae (Ascomycota). Natural Product Communications, 2(3): 1934578X0700200311.
-Stancheva, Y. 2009. Atlas of wood decaying fungi. Pensoft Publishers
-Tel-Çayan, G., Öztürk, M., Duru, M.E., Rehman, M.U., Adhikari, A., Türkoğlu, A. and Choudhary, M.I. 2015. Phytochemical investigation, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of Ganoderma adspersum. Industrial Crops and Products, 76: 749-754.
-Teplyakova, T.V., Psurtseva, N.V., Kosogova, T.A., Mazurkova, N.A., Khanin, V.A. and Vlasenko, V.A. 2012. Antiviral activity of polyporoid mushrooms (higher Basidiomycetes) from Altai Mountains (Russia). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 14: 37–45.
-Wang, J., Song, J.J., Wang, D., Zhang, N., Lu, J.H., Meng, Q.F., Zhou, Y.L., Wang, N., Liu, Y., Wang, D. and Teng, L.S. 2016. The antimembranous glomerulonephritic activity of purified polysaccharides from Irpex lacteus Fr. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, , 84:87–93.
-Wu, F., Zhou, L.W., Yang, Z.L., Bau, T., Li, T.H. and Dai, Y.C. 2019. Resource diversity of Chinese macrofungi: edible, medicinal and poisonous species. Fungal Diversity, 1-76.
-Wu, L., Zhang, X.G., Shi, T.S., Yin, X.J., Lu, J.H. and Liu, X.Y. 2010. Optimization of extraction for Irpex lacteus polysaccharides and its bioactivity. Lishizhen Medicine and Materia Medica Research, 21: 3094–3096.
-Xiao, X.L., Mo, G., Lian, Y., Liu, Y.L. and Li, L.F. 2018. Inhibitory effects of macromolecular Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide on proliferation, migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 32: 56–60.
-Xie, X.C., Luo, Q., Lu, H.C., Chen, W.Q. and Deng, B.W. 2018. The volatile components and biological activity of Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr. from Shaanxi. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 46: 126–129.
 
-Zhang, Q., Zuo, F., Nakamura, N., Ma, C.M. and Hattori, M. 2009. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics in rats of ganoderiol F, a highly cytotoxic and antitumor triterpene from Ganoderma lucidum. Journal of Natural Medicines, 63:304–310.
-Zhao, Y., Yang, N., Shen, X.J., Mao, J., Shen, L.L., Bao, X.R. and Wang, H.F. 2015. Response surface optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis and anti-microbial activities of Schizophyllan polysaccharose. Mycosystema, 34: 139–149.
-Zolfeghari, E., Marvi Mohajer, M.R. and Namiranian, M. 2007. Impact of dead trees on natural regeneration in forest stands (Chelir district, Kheiroudkenar, Nowshahr). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 15(3): 234-240 (In Persian).
Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research
Volume 18, Issue 1 - Serial Number 35
September 2020
Pages 79-92

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 10 September 2019
  • Revise Date: 12 January 2020
  • Accept Date: 03 February 2020

Share

How to cite

Statistics