Effect of fire on nematode populations in superficial soils of Abr forest, city of Shahroud, Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management, Semnan, Iran

2 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

    Nematodes are one of the most abundant and effective soil organisms in natural ecosystems such as forests, and have been used as bioindicators in studying the effect of disturbing factors on environment. In this study, effects of fire on soil-inhabiting nematode populations in superficial soil layers (depth of 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm) of Abr  forest, city of Shahroud was studied. To compare nematode populations in the soils of burned and unburned areas, a total number of 100 soil samples were taken from the above mentioned depths in two times (one and 13 months after the fire) based on a randomized complete block design. After exteraction by centrifugation or flotation method in a solution of sugar and identification and counting of nematodes, their groupings were performed using a stereo microscope based on morphological characteristics of stoma and pharynx. The results showed that the populations of nematodes were decreased in burned soil at depths of 10, 20 and 30 cm, compared to unburned soil, one month after burning. The highest population decrease was observed at the depths of 20, 10, 30 and 40, respectively in burned soil and in the first sampling date,while the highest population increase was observed  at  depths of 30, 40, 20 and 10 cm, respectively for burned soil and the second sampling time (P≤0.05).

Keywords


-Alexander, M.E., 1982. Calculating and interpreting forest fire intensities. Canadian Journal of Botany, 60: 349-357.
-Andrássy, I., 2007. Free-living nematodes of Hungary (Nematoda errantia), II. In ‘Pedozoologica Hungarica No. 4’ (Eds C Csuzdi, S Mahunka). (Hungarian Natural History Museum: Budapest, Hungary).
-Balshi, M.S., McGuire, A.D., Duffy, P., Flannigan, M., Kicklighter, D.W., Melillo, J., 2009. Vulnerability of carbon storage in North American boreal forests to wildfires during the 21st century. Global Change Biology, 15: 1491-1510.
-Bongers, T., Ferris, H., 1999. Nematode community structure as a bioindicator in environmental monitoring. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 14: 224-228.
-Brzeski, M.W., 1998. Nematodes of Tylenchina in Poland and Temprate Europe. Warszawa, Poland, Muzeum I Instytutu Zoologii Polska Academia Nauk, Poland.
-Campbell, G.S., Jungbauer, J.D. Jr., Bristow, K.L., Hungerford, R.D. ,1995. Soil temperature and water content beneath a surface fire. Soil Science, 159: 363-374.
-Cerevkova, A., Renco, M., Cagan, L., 2013. Short-term effects of forest disturbances on soil nematode communities in European mountain spruce forests. Journal of Helminthology, 87: 376–385.
-Certini, G., 2005. Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia, 143: 1-10.
-Coleman, D.C., Anderson, R.V., Cole, C.V., McClellan, J.F., Woods, L.E., Trofymow, J.A., Elliott, E.T., 1984. Roles of protozoa and nematodes in nutrient cycling. In: Giddens, J.E.; Todd, R.L. (Editors), Microbial-plant interactions. pp. 17-28. American Society Agronomy, Madison, USA.
-Conard, S.G., Hartzell, T., Hilbruner, M.W., Zimmerman, G.T., 2001. Changing fuel management strategies the challenge of meeting new information and analysis needs. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 10: 267-275.
-De Bano, L.F., 2000. The role of fire and soil heating on water repellence in wildland environments: a review. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 231: 195-206.
-De Bano, L.F., Neary, D.G., Ffolliott, P.F., 1998. Fire effects on ecosystems. Wiley, New York, USA.
-De Grisse, A., 1969. Redescription ou modification de quelques techniques dans L’etude des nematodes phytoparasitaires. Mede. Rijks. Fak. LandbWet Gent, 34: 351-369.
-Franklin, S.B., Robertson, P.A., Fralish, J.S., 1997. Small-scale fire temperature patterns in upland Quercus communities. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34: 613-630.
-Freckman, D.W., Baldwin, J.G., 1990. Soil Biology Guide. Pp. 155-200 in Daniel L. Dindal (Ed). John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA.
-Gillon, D., Gomendy, V., Houssard, C., Marechal, J., Valette, J.C., 1995. Combustion and nutrient losses during laboratory burns. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 5: 1-12.
-Ginzburg, O., Steinberger, Y., 2012a. Effects of forest wildfire on soil microbial-community activity and chemical components on a temporal-seasonal scale. Plant and Soil, 360: 243-257.
-Ginzburg, O., Steinberger, Y., 2012b. Salvage logging versus natural regeneration post-fire practices in a forest: soil chemical and microbial aspects. Open Journal of Ecology, 2: 29-37.
-Gray, D.M., Dighton, J., 2009. Nutrient utilization by pine seedlings and soil microbes in oligotrophic pine barrens forest soils subjected to prescribed fire treatment. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 41: 1957-1965.
-Hartford, R.A., Frandsen, W.H., 1992. When it’s hot, it’s hot or maybe it’s not! (Surface flaming may not portend extensive soil heating). International Journal of Wildland Fire, 2: 139-144.
-Heininger, P., Hoss, S., Claus, E., Pelzer, J., Traunspurger, W., 2007. Nematode communities in contaminated river sediments. Environmental Pollution, 146: 64–76.
-Hoss, S., Traunspurger, W., Severin, G.W., Juttner, I., Pfister, G., Schramm, K.W., 2004. Influence of 4-nonylphenol on the structure of nematode communities in freshwater microcosms. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 23: 1268-1275.
-James, S.W., 1988. The postfire environment and earthworm populations in tall grass prairie. Ecology, 69: 476-483.
-Jenkins, W.R., 1964. A rapid centrifugal flotation technique for separating nematodes from soil. Plant Disease Report, 48: 692.
-Kane, E.S., Kasischke, E.S., Valentine, D.W., Turetsky, M.R., McGuire, A.D., 2007. Topographic influences on wildfire consumption of soil organic carbon in interior Alaska: implications for black carbon accumulation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112: G03017.
-Kara, O., Bolat, I., 2009. Short-term effects of wild-fire on microbial biomass and abundance in black pine plantation soils in Turkey. Ecological Indicators, 9: 1151-1155.
-Keeley, J.E., 2009. Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: a brief review and suggested usage. International Journal of Wildland Fire,18: 116-126.
-Killgore, A., Jackson, E., Whitford, W.G., 2009. Fire in Chihuahuan Desert grassland: Short-term effects on vegetation, small mammal populations, and faunal pedo-turbation. Journal of Arid Environments, 73: 1029-1034.
-Lupwayi, N., Hamel, C., Tollefson, T., 2010. Soil Biology of the Canadian Prairies. Agricultural Soils of the Prairies, 3: 16-24.
-Matlack, G.R., 2001. Factors determining the distribution of soil nematodes in a commercial forest landscape. Forest Ecology and Management, 146: 129-143.
-McSorley, R., 1993. Short-term effects of fire on the nematode community in a pine forest. Pedobiologia,37:39-48.
-Pen-Mouratov, S., Ginzburg, O., Whitford, W.G., Steinberger, Y., 2012. Forest Fire Modifies Soil Free-Living Nematode Communities in the Biriya Woodland of Northern Israel. ZoologicalStudies,51(7): 1018-1026.
-Perry, R.N., Moens, M., 2006. Plant Nematology. Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King's Lynn, UK.
-Perry, R.N., Zunche, U., 1997. Nematodes: harmful and beneficial organisms. In G. Benckiser (Ed.), Fauna in soil ecosystems: recycling processes, nutrient fluxes, and agricultural production (pp 85-124). New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc, USA.
-Reichle, D.E., 1997. The role of Soil invertebrates in nutrient cycling, Soil organisms as Components of ecosystems. Ed. V. Lohm, and T. Person, Swedish Natural Science Research Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
-Renčo, M., Čerevková, A., 2015. Long-term effects of a wildfire on the soil nematode communities in the spruce forest ecosystem of High Tatra National Park. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 24(5): 702-711.
-Ro¨delsperger, C., Streit, A., Sommer, R.J., 2013. Structure, Function and Evolution of The Nematode Genome. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester. DOI: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0024603.
-Ross, D.J., Speir, T.W., Tate, K.R., Feltham, C.W., 1997. Burning in a New Zealand snow-tussock Grassland: effects on soil microbial biomass and N and P availability. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 21:63-71.
-Rutigliano, F.A., De Marco, A., D’Ascoli, R., Castaldi, S., Gentile, A., De Santo, A.V., 2007. Impact of fire on fungal abundance and microbial efficiency in C assimilation and mineralisation in a Mediterranean maquis soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 44: 377-381.
 
-SAS Institute., 2002. SAS/Stat User’s Guide, Version 8.0. SAS Institute, Cary, NC, North Carolina, USA.
-Schratzberger, M., Bolam, S., Whomersley, P., Warr, K., 2006. Differential response of nematode colonist communities to the intertidal placement of dredged material. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,334: 244-255.
-Shetler, G., Turetsky, M., Kane, E., Kasischke, E., 2008. Sphagnum mosses limit total carbon consumption during fire in Alaskan black spruce forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 38(8): 2328-2336.
-Siddiqi, M.R., 2000. Tylenchida, Parasites of Plants and Insects. CABI Publishing, St. Albans, Wallingford, UK.
-Turetsky, M.R., Kane, E.S., Harden, J.W., Ottmar, R.D., Manies, K.L., Hoy, E., Kasischke, E.S., 2011. Recent acceleration of biomass burning and carbon losses in Alaskan forests and peatlands. Nature Geoscience, 4: 27-31.
-Whiteford, W.G., Pen-Mouratov, S., Steinberger, Y., 2014. The effects of prescribed fire on soil nematodes in an arid juniper savanna. Open Journal of Ecology, 4(2): 66-75.
-Wilson, M.J., Kakouli-Duarte, T., 2009. Nematodes as Environmental Indicators. CABI North American Office. USA.
-Yeates, G.W., 2003. Nematodes as soil indicators: functional and biodiversity aspects. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 37: 199-210.
-Yeates, G.W., Boag, B., 2006. Female size shows similar trends in all clades of the Phylum Nematoda. Nematology, 8: 111-127.
-Yeates, G.W., Saggar, S., Daly, B.K., 1997. Soil microbial C, N, and P, and microfaunal populations under Pinus radiate and grazed pasture land-use systems. Pedobiologia, 41: 549-565.