Effect of seed source and pre-treatment hydrogen peroxide on germination characteristics of Fagus orientalis Lipsky Seed

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

In order to evaluate  seed source and pre-treatment hydrogen peroxide on the seed germination characters of Fagus orientalis Lipsky , some seeds were collected from three altitudes ( 600, 1200, 1800 m a.s.l.) in Vaz forests of  Noor city (north of Iran). Following soaking in hydrogen peroxide (20 and 40 minutes) seeds were stratified together with the control in moist sand and maintained in refrigerator for 120 days. Germination initiation was recorded every week. The results showed that seed dormancy of 1800 m elevation took 60 days long which was longer than the other two seed sources.  Seed source significantly affected seed germination, whereas seed germination rate, mean daily germination and germination speed increased with increase in altitude. Hydrogen peroxide did not increase seed germination as well as daily germination mean. This research revealed that to break dormancy of higher elevations seed, the longer stratification period is required. Considering applying stratification, control seeds of higher elevations had higher germination rate compared to the seeds of lower elevation. Thus it is advised to use seeds from higher elevations for seedling production in mountain nurseries and seed sowing or seed broadcasting for restoration of deforested or non-regenerated areas of Caspian mountain forests                                                                             
 
 

Keywords


- اسپهبدی، ک.، میرزایی ندوشن، ح.، طبری، م.، اکبری نیا، م.، دهقان شورکی، ی.، 1385. اثر ارتفاع از سطح دریای مبداء بذر بر رویاندن بذر بارانک. مجله منابع‌طبیعی ایران، 59 (1):113-103.
- اعتماد، و.، 1380. بررسی کیفی و کمی بذر راش‌شرقی در استان مازندران. رساله دکترای دانشگاه تهران, 258صفحه.
- حجتی، ی.، نادری، ر.، فرامرزی، ع.، قلی‌پور، ج.، 1386. بررسی اثر تیمارهای سولفوریک‎اسید، جیبرلیک‎اسید و دما بر جوانه‎زنی بذر سیکاس Cycas revolute L.)) .دانش نوین کشاورزی، 9: 22-13.
- سیف الهیان، م.، ۱۳۶۷. بررسی قوه‏نامیه بذر راش در جنگل‏های اسالم. پایان‏نامه کارشناسی‎ارشد دانشکده منابع‏طبیعی دانشگاه‎تهران، ۷۸ صفحه.
- علی عرب، ع.، طبری، م.، اسپهبدی، ک.، هدایتی، م.، جلالی، غ.، 1388. بررسی اندازه بذر و ارتفاع رویشگاه بر جوانه‎زنی، بنیه بذر و ویژگی‎های ظاهری نونهال‎های بلند‎مازوQuercus costaneifolia. نشریه جنگل و فراورده‏های چوب، 62 (4): 396-381.
- فرجی‎پول، ر.، حسینی، س. و عصاره، م.ح.، 1383. بررسی اثر تیمار‎های مکانیکی و شیمیایی روی بذر نمدار. پژوهش و سازندگی در منابع‎طبیعی، 66: 30-25.
- مفیدآبادی، ج. و امانی، م.، 1383. استفاده از روش کشت جنین در شکستن خواب بذر راشFagus orientalis Lipsky، فصلنامه پژوهشی تحقیقات ژنتیک و اصلاح گیاهان مرتعی وداروی ایران، 12 (3) :264-257.
- مطلبی، س.، ع.، طبری، م.، سلطانی، ع. و اعتماد، و.، 1389. بررسی زنده‎مانی بذر راش‎شرقی طی ذخیره‎سازی کوتاه‎مدت. فصلنامه علمی – پژوهشی جنگل و صنوبر ایران، 4(18): 595-587.
- ملاشاهی، م.، حسینی، س.م. و بیات، د.، ۱۳۸۶. بررسی اثر تیمار‎های جوانه‎زنی بذر نمدار begonifolia  Tilia در آزمایشگاه و نهالستان. پایان‎نامه کارشناسی‎ارشد، ۷۵ صفحه.
- ملاشاهی، م.، حسینی، س. م. و  نادری، ع.، ۱۳۸8. بررسی اثر مبداء‎جغرافیایی بذر بر درصد سبز‎کردن بذرها، رویش قطری و ارتفاعی (Prunus avium L.) نهال‏های گیلاس‎‌‎وحشی. فصلنامه علمی – پژوهشی جنگل و صنوبر ایران، 17(1): 115-107.
- نصیری، م.، 1387. تعیین تیمار مطلوب جهت شکستن خواب و افزایش جوانه‎زنی بذر کیکم
. (Acer monospessulanum L.)  تحقیقات ژنتیک و اصلاح گیاهان مرتعی و جنگلی ایران، 16(1): 105-94.
- نصیری، م.، عیسوند، ح.، 1380.  بررسی اثر اسید‎سولفوریک بر شکستن خواب و جوانه‏زنی بذرهای شب‎خسب (Albizia julibrissin Durazz) و خرنوب (Ceratonia siliqua L). تحقیقات ژنتیک و اصلاح گیاهان مرتعی و جنگلی ایران، 95 (8): 111.
-یوسف‎زاده، ح.، اسپهبدی، ک.، 1386. بررسی تأثیر مبداء، قطر پایه مادری و دوره تیمار روی جوانه‎زنی بذر بارانک  (Sorbus torminalis Crantz L. ) در مازندران. مجله زیست‎شناسی ایران، 20(2): 224-215.
 
- Barthe, Ph ., Garello، G ., Bianco-Trinchant, J. and Le- Page-Digivry, M.T., 2000. Oxygen availability and ABA metabolism in Fagus sylvatica seeds. Plant Growth Regulation, 30: 185-191.
- Baskin, C.C. and Baskin, J .M., 1998. Seed Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of dormancy and germination. Academic press. San Diego
- Bello, I. A., Hatterman-Valentini. H and Owen,M.K.,  1998. Effect of stratification, temperature, and oxygen on woody cupgress (Eriochola villosa) seed dormancy. Weed Science, 46: 526-529
- Beweley, J. D. and Black,M ., 1994. Seeds: physiology of development and germination. Plenum Press, USA.
- Chmura, D.J. and Rozkowski, R., 2002. Variability of beech provenance in spring and autumn phenology. Silvae Genetica, 51: 123-127.
- Close, D. C. and Wilson, S. J., 2002. Provenance effects on pre-germination treatments for Eucalyptus regnans and E. delegatensis seed. Forest Ecology and Management, 170: 299- 305.
- Davidson, R. H., Edwards, D. G. W., Sziklai, O. and El-Kassaby, Y. A., 1996. Genetic Variation in Germination Parameters among Populations of Pacific Silver Fir. Silvae Genetica. 45: 2-3.
- Derkx, M.P.M. and Joustra, M.K., 1997. Dormancy breaking and short-term storage of pretreated Fagus sylvatica seeds. 269-278: In: Ellis, R.H., Basic Black, M., Murdoch, A.J and Hong, T.D., (Eds.) basic applied aspects of seed biology, Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht.
- Devagiri, G. M., Dhiman, R. C., Kumar, P. N. And Patial, C. S. P., 2007. Seed Source Variation in Seedling and Nodulation Characters in Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Silvae Genetica, 56(2): 88- 91.
- Edwards, D.G.W., 1986. Special prechilling techniques for tree seeds. Journal of Seed Technology, 10: 151-171.
- El-Kassaby, Y.A. and Edwards, D.G., 2001. Germination ecology in mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.). Forest Ecology and Management, 144: 183-188.
- Falleri, E., Muller, C. and Laroppe, E., 1997. Effect of ethephon on dormancy breaking in eechnuts. 303-309: in: Ellis, R.H.,Basic Black, M., Murdoch, A.J and Hong, T.D., (Eds.) Basic applied aspects of seed biology, pp., Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht
- Fernandez, H., Doumas, P., Falleri, E., Muller, C. and Bonnet-Masimbert, M., 1997. Endogenous gibberellins and dormancy in beechnuts. 311-321: Ellis, R.H., Basic Black, M., Murdoch, A.J. and Hong, T.D., Eds. applied aspects of seed biology, Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht
- Garcia-Gusano, M., Martinez-Gomez, P. and Dicenta, F., 2003. Breaking seed dormancy in almond (Prunus dulcis(Mill.) D.A. Webb). Scietia Horticulturae 99: 363-370.
- Ghildyal, S.K., Sharma, C.M. and Gairola,S., 2009. Environmental variation in seed and seedling characteristics of Pinus roxburghil sarg. From Uttarakhand, INDIA. Applied  Ecology  and Environmental research,7(2): 121-129.
- Ginwal, H.S., Phartyal, S.S., Rawat, P.S. and Srivastava, R.L., 2005. Seed Source Variation in Morphology, Germination and Seedling Growth of Jatropha Curcas Linn. in Central India. Silvae Genetica, 54(2): 76-80.
- Harrington, J.F., 1960. Germination of seeds from carrot, lettuce and pepper plants grown under server nutrient deficiencies. Hilgardia, 30: 219-35.
 - Hudson, Sh. and Carlson, M., 1998. Propagation of Interior British Columbia Native Plants from seed, British Columbia Press, 37p.
- Isik, K., 1986. Altitudinal variation in Pinus brutia Ten. seed and seedling characteristics. Silvae Genetica, 35: 2-3.
- ISTA., 1999. International Rules for Seed Testinh. Seed Science and Technology 27(Supplement).
- Kjaer, E. D., Hansen, C. P., Roulund and Graudal, L., 2005. Procurement of plant material of good genetic quality. 139-171: in Stanturf, J. A. and Madsen, P.(Eds): Restoration of boreal and temperate forests. CRC Press..
- Kullkarni, M.G ., Sparg,S.G. and Van Staden, J., 2005. Dark Conditioning, Cold Stratificatin and a Smok-Derived Compound Enhance the Germination of Eucomis autumnalis subsp.autumnalis seeds. South African Journal of Botany. 72:157-162.
-  Mamo, N., Mihretu, M., Fekadu, M., Tibagu, M. and Teketay, D., 2006. Variation in seed and germination characteristics among Juniperus procera populations in Ethiopia. Forest Ecology and Management, 225: 320-327.
- Mehana, H.T., Martin, G.C. and Nishijuma, C., 1985. Effects of temperature, chemical treatments and endogenous hormone content on peach seed germination and subsequent seedling growth Science. Horticulture, 27: 63-73.
- Muller, C. and Bonnet-Masimbert, M., 1989. Storage of Non Dormant Hardwood Seed: New Trends. Forest Tree Physiology, 46: 92-94.
- Negash, L., 2003. In situ fertility decline and provenance differences in the East African Yellow Wood (Podocarpus falcatus) measured through in vitro seed germination. Forest Ecology and Management, 174: 127–138.
- Nicolás, G., Nicolás, C. & Rodríguez, D., 1996. Antagonistic effects of abscisic acid and gibberellic acid on the breaking of dormancy of Fagus sylvatica seeds. Physiologiaplantarum,96: 244-250.
- Panwar, P ., and Bhardwaj, S.D., 2005. Handbook of practical forestry, Agrobios (India): ISBN NO: 81-7754-250-8, 191.   
- Seeley, S.D., Ayanoglu. H. and Frisby, J.W., 1998. Peach seedling emergence and growth in response to isothermal and cycled stratification treatments reveal two dormancy components. Journal American Society Scientia Horticulture, 123: 776-780.
- Shen, T.Y. and Odén,P.C., 2002. Relationships between seed vigour and fumarase activity in Picea abies, Pinus contorta, Betula pendula and Fagus sylvatica. Seed Science & Technology 30:177-186.
- Singh, B., Bhatt, B.P. and Prasad, P., 2004. Effect of Seed Source and Temperature on Seed Germination of Celtis australis L.: a Promising Agroforestry Tree- Crop of Central Himalaya, India. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 14(1): 53-60.
- Suszka, B. and Zieta, L., 1977. A new presowing treatment for cold stored beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seed chilled without medium at a controlled hydration level and pre-germinated in cold moist conditions. ArboretumKornickie, 22: 237-255.
- Suszka, B., Muller,C. and Bonnet-Masimbert, M., 1996. Seeds of Forest Broadleaves- From Harvest to Sowing (translated by Gordon, A.) INRA Editions, Paris.
- Tilki, F. and Alptekin, C.U., 2005. Variation in acorn characteristics in three provenances of Quercus aucheri Jaub. et Spach and provenance, temperature and storage effects on acorn germination. Seed Science and Technology, 33 (2): 441-447.
- Todaria, N. P. and Negi, A.K., 1995. Effect of elevation and temperature on seed germination of some Himalayan tree species. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 22 (2): 178–182.
- Vander vegte, F.W., 1978. Population differentiation and germination ecology in stellaria media (L)Vill. Oecologia Berlin Journal, 37: 231-45
- Yang, Q ., Wan-Hui,Y. and Xiao-Juan,Y.,  2007. Dormancy and germination of Areca triandra seeds. Scientia Horticulturae, 113:107-111.
- Zhou, L., Wu, J. and Wang, S., 2003. Low-temperature stratification strategies and growth regulators for rapid induction of paris Polyphylla var. yunnanensis seed germination. Plant growth regulation, 41: 179-183.