بررسی و شناسایی قارچ‌ها‌ی همراه عارضه زوال درختان اُرس

جعفری, حسین; نجفی, شمس اله; زند, ندا; مجیدی, طاها

doi:10.22092/ijfrpr.2023.354946.1497

بررسی و شناسایی قارچ‌ها‌ی همراه عارضه زوال درختان اُرس

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

¹ استاد پژوهش، مؤسسه تحقیقات گیاه‌پزشکی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

² محقق، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان زنجان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، زنجان، ایران

10.22092/ijfrpr.2023.354946.1497

چکیده

به‌منظور شناسایی عوامل قارچی همراه با درختان اُرس در ارتفاعات شهرستان طارم، نمونه‌هایی از بافت‌های مختلف درختان بیمار تهیه و با استفاده از روش‌های معمول نسبت به کشت و جداسازی آنها اقدام گردید. برای شناسایی گونه‌ها، از روش‌های بررسی ریخت‌شناسی و شناسایی مولکولی استفاده شد. برای این منظور، ضمن استخراج DNA کل از تعداد 11 گونه از قارچ‌های جداسازی شده، ناحیه فاصله‌انداز داخلی DNA رایبوزومی آنها با استفاده از پرایمرهای عمومی (ITS-1 و ITS-4) تکثیر و بعد با توالی‌یابی آنها و مقایسه با توالی‌های موجود در بانک‌های اطلاعاتی شناسایی گونه‌ها انجام شد. در‌مجموع بیش از 150 جدایه قارچی در مدت سه سال از نمونه‌های آلوده درختان اُرس جداسازی شد که بر اساس ویژگی‌های ظاهری و توالی‌یابی ناحیه ITS جدایه‌های قارچی، تعلق آنها به گونه‌های زیر تأیید گردید: Nigrospora oryzae (31 جدایه)، Penicillium spp. (9 جدایه)، Aspergillus spp. (4 جدایه)، Trichoderma spp. (5 جدایه)، Aureobasidium pullulans (33 جدایه)، Polyporus sp. (3 جدایه)، Phoma sp. (14 جدایه)، Phoma medicaginesis (3 جدایه)، Alternaria alternata (5 جدایه)، Alternaria sp. (9 جدایه)، Alternaria consortialis (6 جدایه)، Hormonema carpetanum (5 جدایه)، Hormonema sp. (9 جدایه)، Peyronellaea pinodella (4 جدایه)، Kabatiella microsticta (3 جدایه) و Microsphaeropsis spp. (8 جدایه). بیشتر گونه‌ها ساپروفیت یا عوامل بیماری‌زای فرصت‌طلب هستند که اولین بار در ایران از روی اُرس گزارش می‌شوند. این عوامل همزمان با ضعف میزبان در اثر ابتلا به گیاه انگل دارواشک، تنش خشکی و آفات با حمله به آنها باعث تسریع زوال میزبان می‌شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

20.1001.1.17350859.1402.21.1.7.8

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation and Identification of Fungi Associated with Juniper Tree Decline

نویسندگان [English]

Hossein Jafary ¹
Shamsollah Najafi ²
Neda Zand ²
Taha Majidi ²

¹ Prof., Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

² Researcher, Zanjan Agricultureal and Natural Resources Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Zanjan, Iran

چکیده [English]

In order to identify fungal agents associated with juniper trees in the highlands of Tarm County, samples of various tissues from affected trees were collected and subjected to cultivation and isolation using conventional methods. For species identification, both morphological and molecular methods were employed. To achieve this, DNA was extracted from 11 fungal species isolated. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of their ribosomal DNA was amplified using universal primers (ITS-1 and ITS-4). Subsequently, their sequences were determined and compared to sequences available in databases to confirm the identification of species. In total, more than 150 fungal isolates were separated from diseased juniper trees over a span of three years. Based on morphological characteristics and ITS sequence analysis, the following fungal species were confirmed: Nigrospora oryzae (31 isolates), Penicillium spp. (9 isolates), Aspergillus spp. (4 isolates), Trichoderma spp. (5 isolates), Aureobasidium pullulans (33 isolates), Polyporus sp. (3 isolates), Phoma sp. (14 isolates), Phoma medicaginesis (3 isolates), Alternaria alternata (5 isolates), Alternaria sp. (9 isolates), Alternaria consortialis (6 isolates), Hormonema carpetanum (5 isolates), Hormonema sp. (9 isolates), Peyronellaea pinodella (4 isolates), Kabatiella microsticta (3 isolates), and Microsphaeropsis spp. (8 isolates). Most of these species are opportunistic pathogens, reported for the first time on juniper trees in Iran. These agents, in conjunction with host vulnerability due to infestations by phytophagous insects, drought stress, and pest attacks, accelerate the decline of the host trees.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Juniper Decline
Fungal disease
Pests
ITS

مراجع

-Anonymous, 2012a. available from http://harvest.cals.ncsu.edu

-Anonymous, 2012b. available from www.USDA.com

-Coziahr, L.V. and Wysong, D.S., 1987. Juniper Blight Diseases. University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension. 1264. Available from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/extensionhist/1264

-Chen, L., 2009. Shoot blight of Juniperus rigida. Forest Pest and Diseases Congress. Viale delle Termme di Caracella, Rome, Italy, p 121.

-Deshpande, M.S., Rale, V.B. and Lynch, J.M., 1992. Aureobasidium pullulans in applied microbiology: A status report. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 14: 514-527.

-Franklin, J.F., Shugart, H.H. and Harmon, M.E., 1987. Tree death as an ecological process. Bioscience 37: 550-556.

-Gilbertson RL, Ryvarden L .1987. North American Polypores. In: Fungiflora, Oslo, Norway 2:437-885.

-Gildemacher, P.R., Heijne, B., Houbraken, J., Vromans T., Hoekstra E.S. and Boekhout, T., 2004. Canphyllosphere yeasts explain the effect of scab fungicides on russeting of Elstar apples?. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 110: 929-937.

-Hagan, A., Allen, T. and Shelton, J., 2004. Common diseases of juniper in Alabama, ANR 1173. University of Alabama A & M and Auburn Universities, USA, p 74.

-Hawksworth, F.G. and Wiens, D., 1996. Dwarf mistletoes: biology, pathology and systematics. Agriculture Handbook, 709. USDA Forest Service, Washington D.C. 410 p.

-Hawksworth, F.G., Wiens, D. and Gils, B.W., 2002. Arceuthobium in North America. USDA 13-Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-98. Ch. 4: 29-56.

-Jimenez, J.A., Lugo, A.E. and Cintron, G., 1987. Tree mortality in mangrove forests. Biotropica 17: 177-185.

-Karami, N., Jamal, S. and Sharifi, R., 2018. Identification of fungal causal agents of pine trees die back in Kermanshah province. Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science, 49(1): 11-21.

-Khoshnevis, M., Korori, S.A.A., Teimouri, M., Matinizadeh, M., Rahmani, A., and Shirvany, A., 2008. The effect of different treatments on rooting of Juniperus excelsa cutting. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 16(1): 158-167.

-Majidi, T., Heidary, A., Khalafi, A. and Maani, M., 2014. Atlas of Natural Forests of Zanjan Province, General Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Zanjan Province Report, 46 p.

-McDowell, N., Allen, C. D., Anderson-Teixeira, K., Brando, P., Brienen, R. andChambers, J., 2018. Drivers and mechanisms of tree mortality in moist tropical forests. New Phytologist, 219: 851-869.

-Novaes, R.M.L., Rodrigues, J.G. and Lovato, M.B., 2009. An efficient protocol for tissue sampling and DNA isolation from the stem bark of Leguminosae trees. Genetics and Molecular Research, 8: 86-96.

-Peterson, G.W., 1977. Control of juniper blight caused by Cercospora sequoia juniper. American Nurseryman. 145(12): 13: 50-51.

-Roy, B.A., Alexander, H.M., Davidson, J., Campbell, F.T., Burdon, J.J. and Sniezko, R., 2014. Increasing forest loss worldwide from invasive pests requires new trade regulations. Front. Ecol. Manag. 12: 457-465.

-Schneider, J.H.M., Salazar, O., Rubio, V. and Keijer, J., 1997. Identification of Rhizoctonia solani associated with field grown tulips using ITS rDNA polymorphism and pectic zymograms. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 103:607-622.

-Stephenson, N.L., Das, A.J., Ampersee, N.J., Bulaon, B.M. and Yee, J.L., 2019. Which trees die during drought? The key role of insect host-tree selection. Journal of Ecol., 107: 2383-2401.

-Teshome, D.T, Zharare, G.E. and Naidoo, S., 2020. The Threat of the Combined Effect of Biotic and Abiotic Stress Factors in Forestry Under a Changing Climate. Front. Plant Science. 11:601009.

-William, W.W., Mackey P. and Chomczynski, P., 1997. Effect of pH and ionic strength on the spectrophotometric assessment of nucleic acid purity. Biotechniques, 22: 474-481.