حمایت حقوقی از جنگل ها و مراتع در برابر آفات و بیماری ها: مطالعه‌ی تطبیقی قوانین جنگل ایران، فرانسه، ترکیه و آفریقای جنوبی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه جنگل‌داری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران. پست الکترونیک: afrand@ut.ac.ir 2- استادیار، گروه جنگل‌داری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

2 استادیار، گروه جنگل‌داری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

3 استاد، گروه جنگل‌داری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

4 استادیار، گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه آزاد، مشهد، ایران

10.22092/ijfrpr.2023.358531.1543

چکیده

در سالهای اخیر تغییرات اقلیمی در کنار گسترش حمل و نقل، شیوع آفات و بیماریها را در عرصه‌های طبیعی تشدید کرده است. حقوق تطبیقی یکی از روشهایی است که میتوان احکام چند نظام حقوقی را پیرامون یک مسئله خاص بررسی کرده و راهکارهای قانونی مناسب را جهت بهره گیری در حقوق داخلی یافت. در این پژوهش، قوانین جنگل‌ها و مراتع ایران، فرانسه، ترکیه و آفریقای جنوبی بررسی و موضوعات قانونی مرتبط با آفات و بیماری‌ها در سه دسته اقدامات حمایتی قبل، حین و بعد از شیوع آفات و بیماری‌ها طبقه‌بندی شده و مورد توصیف، مقایسه و تبیین قرار گرفت. ارزیابیها نشان داد اقدامات زیر در قوانین کشور هامورد توجه قرار گرفته‌اند: پرورش جنگل، خروج مازاد مقطوعات، تدوین شاخص‌ها و معیارهای مدیریت پایدار و پایش مستمر آن‌ها، اعلام کانون‌های شیوع و مناطق آلوده به عنوان منطقه‌ی ویژه حفاظتی، جمع‌آوری ارگانیسم‌های مضر ویا بستر زیست وامحای آن‌ها، مبارزه زیستی وآتش‌زنی کنترل شده و همچنین انجام پژوهش‌های بیشتر برای حمایت در مقابل آفات و بیماری‌ها. در قوانین کشورهاتاکید بر جلوگیری از شیوع آفات و بیماری‌های جنگلهاو مراتع است واقدام‌های حین شیوع و پس از آن کمتر مورد توجه بوده‌اند. به علاوه، توجه به یافته‌های علمی و پژوهشی در زمینه‌ی مبارزه با آفات و بیماری‌های جنگل و مرتع نشان داد برخی اقدامات مفید و ضروری که در قوانین بررسی شده مورد تصریح قرار نگرفته‌اند عبارتند از : نظام‌مندسازی بهره‌برداری‌ها، تدوین فهرستی از ارگانیسم‌های مضر و آفات قرنطینه‌ای جنگل‌ها و مراتع، انجام عملیات احیایی و بهداشتی در مناطق متاثر از آفات و بیماری‌ها و گزارش‌دهی.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Legal protection of forests and rangelands against pests and diseases: a comparative study of the forest laws of Iran, France, Turkey, and South Africa

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hamid reza Afrand Sorkhani 1
  • Mohammad A. Hemmat 2
  • Taghi Shamekhi 3
  • Elaheh Mohseni 4
1 Phd student., Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
2 Assistant Prof., Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
3 Prof., Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
4 Assistant Prof., Department of Private Law, Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

In recent years, climate changes and the expansion of transportation facilities, have elevated plant pests and diseases outbreak and transmission in natural ecosystems. Codification and implementationof effective laws to combat forest pests and diseases is one ofthe ways to achieve sustainable forest management. Comparative law with an interdisciplinary approach, provides insights to find new legal solutions to cope with emerging challenges, suggest new legal rules, and amend statutory law in specific domains. In this article the laws of forests and rangelandsof Iran, France, Turkey, and South Africa were investigated and provisions related to insects, pests, and diseases were extracted. The provisions were classified into three categories of measures including before, during, and after the outbreak and several pillars emerged in each category. Each pillar was described, compared, explained, and finally evaluated. The findings showed that the following measures have been considered in the laws of countries: Silviculture practices, removal of damaged trees and woody residuals, development of criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management and their continuous monitoring, declaration of outbreak hotspots and contaminated areas as special areas for conservation, collection of harmful organisms and pathogens or their habitats, biological control, and prescribed burning. The results showed that in the studied laws, emphasis is placed on preventing stages of pests and disease outbreaks rather than during and after the outbreaks that remind us prevention is better than cure. These findings provide pillars for amending the national forest and range laws and regulations to combat wild plant insects, pests, and diseases.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • pests and diseases of Trees
  • Harmful organism
  • Forest sanitation
  • Legal protection
  • Comparative law
  • Forest law

مراجع

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 09 اردیبهشت 1401
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 27 دی 1401
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 19 بهمن 1401

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