بررسی تأثیر تغییرات پوشش گیاهی مراتع خشک و نیمه‌خشک ایران در رابطه با وقوع سیل

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه مدیریت مرتع، دانشکده مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گلستان، ایران

2 دانش‌آموخته دکتری علوم مرتع، دانشکده مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گلستان، ایران

3 دانشجوی دکتری علوم مرتع، دانشکده مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گلستان، ایران

4 استاد، گروه احیاء مناطق خشک و کوهستانی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

5 استاد، مؤسسه تحقیقات مطالعات منابع آب سوئیس، دوباندورف، سوئیس

10.22092/ijfrpr.2023.355835.1508

چکیده

کاربری مرتع به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین کاربری زمین در ایران است. تنظیم چرخه هیدرولوژی و کنترل سیل از ‌جمله خدمات تنظیمی در اکوسیستم‌های مرتعی به‌شمار می‌رود. واقعه سیل سال 1398 که در سطح بسیار وسیعی از ایران اتفاق افتاد، منجر به خسارت‌های شدیدی به منابع طبیعی، غیرطبیعی و انسانی گردید. پژوهش پیش‌رو با هدف بررسی تأثیر تغییرات پوشش گیاهی مراتع در رابطه با وقوع سیل تنظیم شده است. بر ‌این ‌اساس با بازدید از مراتع در محدوده مناطق سیل‌زده استان گلستان، وضعیت این مراتع بر‌اساس روش چهار فاکتور اصلاح‌شده، تعیین گردید و برای بررسی تغییرات کاربری اراضی/ پوشش از سری داده‌های ماهواره لندست مربوط به سال‌های 2009-2008 و 2019-2018 استفاده شد. جهت شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر تغییرات پوشش گیاهی، تخریب مرتع و تأثیر سیل، تعداد 69 مصاحبه‌ نیمه‌ساختاریافته با دامداران مناطق تحت سیل انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد، وضعیت مراتع در مناطق مختلف سیل‌زده بیشتر در طبقه خیلی فقیر تا فقیر قرار دارند و شدت چرا در این مناطق بیش از 3/1 برابر ظرفیت مراتع است. با آنالیز تصاویر ماهواره‌ای مشخص شد، کاربری اراضی مرتعی در یک دوره ده ساله در استان گلستان روند کاهشی داشته است، به‌طوری‌که مساحت اراضی تغییر کاربری یافته بین سال‌های 2008 تا 2019 حدود 70 هزار هکتار برآورد شده است. در بخش مصاحبه، چرای بی‌رویه و هزینه بالای تعلیف مکمل به‌عنوان اصلی‌ترین عوامل مؤثر بر تخریب مراتع شمال استان گلستان از دیدگاه دامداران مطرح هستند. همچنین، مهم‌ترین خسارت وارد شده به دامداران تخریب راه‌های ارتباطی با آغل و مرتع (91 درصد) و تلفات دامی (76 درصد) تعیین گردید. بنابراین، برنامه‌ریزی برای حفاظت، اصلاح و احیای مراتع، به‌عنوان یکی از برنامه‌های مهم و ضروری برای کنترل و مدیریت سیلاب پیشنهاد می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The study of impact rangeland vegetation changes in relation to the flood occurrence in arid and semi-arid of Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mojgansadat Azimi 1
  • Abolfazl Sharifian Bahraman 2
  • Vahideh Reyazinia 3
  • Hossien Arzani 4
  • Karim Abbaspour 5
1 Associate Prof., Department of Rangeland Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Golestan, Iran
2 PhD in Range Management Sciences, Department of Rangeland Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Golestan, Iran
3 PhD candidate, Department of Rangeland Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Golestan, Iran
4 Professor, Department of Rehabilitation of Arid and mountainous Regions, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
5 Professor, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland
چکیده [English]

Rangeland use is the most important land use in Iran, as more than half of the country is categorized in this land use. Regulating the hydrological cycle and flood control are among the regulatory services in rangeland ecosystems. The flood event in late March 2019, which occurred on vast areas of Iran caused severe damages to natural and human resources. This study was conducted to assess the contributing factors to rangeland degradation in Northern Iran, which tries to assess the relationship between these factors and the flood. Thus, by filed visit of rangelands in the flooded areas of Golestan province, the rangeland condition was determined based on the modified four factor method. Landsat satellite images between 2008-2009 and 2018-2019 were used to determine the area of land use changes. Semi-structured interviews with 69 local pastoralists were also conducted to identify the contributing factors to the floods. Results showed that the rangeland condition in different flooded areas are mainly in the very poor to poor category and grazing intensity on these areas is more than 1.3 times the rangeland grazing capacity. Findings of satellite images analysis revealed that rangeland landuse has had a decreasing trend between 2008-2019 in Atrak and Gorganrud basins where 70,000 ha of landuse change is estimated. Result from the semi-structural interviews introduced over grazing and high prices of supplementary feeding are the main factors affecting the degradation of rangelands in the north of Golestan province from pastoral communities’ point of view. We found that 91% of the participants believed rangeland road networks and 76% believed livestock loss were the most affected items in the 2019 flood. Therefore, it is recommended that rangeland conservation, restoration and development planning should become a priority and necessary measure for flood control and management.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Management
  • Rangeland
  • Pastoralists
  • Golestan province
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