Biological study of Bradyporus latipes (Orthoptera: Tettigonidae) and determination of the best control method in rangelands of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiary Province
F.
Haghighian
مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان چهارمحال و بختیاری، شهرکرد
author
M.
Mohammadi
مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، تهران، ص. پ.: 116-13185
author
V.R.
Moniri
مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، تهران، ص. پ.: 116-13185
author
text
article
2007
per
Grasshoppers are accounted as important pests of agricultural crops, rangelands and forests. There are various native grasshoppers on range plants and field crops in Chaharmahal and BakhtiaryProvince. Bradyporus latipes is the most important pest, with rapid increase in population. In the course of study carried out in rangelands of Douto-Shahrekord region and Ben city during 2000-2002, life cycle of the pest was investigated in field plots and in laboratory conditions. Further to that, a comparative experiment was conducted to apply the insecticides, Carbaryl, Phenithrothion, B.T.Deltaplus and Dimilin and two different methods of spraying and toxic baits against the pest. The data were analyzed by factorial design on the basis of a completely randomized design. The comparisons of means were conducted by Duncan multiple range test. The results indicated that insect had one generation in a year. The pest overwinters as eggs in soil. The activity period started in April and lasted till June. The pest had five instars and was polyphagous with around 40 hosts of different plant families. Low temperature in April and continual rain in spring caused high mortality on nymphs of the pest. Starlings, sparrows, crows, larvae of blister beetles and robber flies were predators, while wasps of the family Sphecidae and two sarcophagid flies (Sarcophila meridionalis and Wolfhartia bella) were parasitoids of this grasshopper. In comparison of the insecticides, results indicated that mortality percent in spray treatment method was higher and statistically different with bran bait method (p<0.05) and in terms of mortality rate, insecticides were statistically different (p<0.05). Phenitrothion had the highest, while B.T. and Deltaplus had lower mortality percent. Dimilin and Carbaryl were placed in two statistical levels between Phenithrothion and B.T.Deltaplus. In addition, the mortality percent of oily Dimilin were higher and more effective than powdery Dimilin. Mortality rate between male and female grasshoppers for all insecticides in two different treatment methods was not statistically different (p<0.05).
Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research
Research Institute of Forest and Range Protection
1735-0859
5
v.
1
no.
2007
1
16
https://ijfrpr.areeo.ac.ir/article_106324_5d935a2539b31cc7a9b2792117bd174a.pdf
Study some biological aspects and infestation rate of Pachymerus acaciae (Col.: Bruchidae) in rangelands of Kohgiouyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province
S.
Mozafari
مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد، یاسوج، ص. پ.: 351
author
S. E.
Sadeghi
مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، تهران، ص. پ.: 116-13185
author
M.
Mohamadi
مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، تهران، ص. پ.: 116-13185
author
B.
Ali
مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، تهران، ص. پ.: 116-13185
author
text
article
2007
per
Prangos ferulaceae (L.) Lindl. is a range plant of the family Umbelliferae used as an animal fodder. Due to importance of this plant because of its appropriate nutritive materials to feed herds and also its importance as a medicinal plant, identification of its damaging factors and finding out effective control methods are of great necessity. One of the important damaging agents on this plant is the seed beetle, Pachymerus acaciae (Col.: Bruchidae) that causes a huge damage on seeds of P. ferulacea. During the years 2002-2005, biology of the pest was studied in natural conditions of Kohgilouyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province rangelands and also in laboratory. For this aim, 10 rangeland sites, each 10 h area were selected and visited biweekly during the growth period of P. ferulacea. In each site, 1 quarter meter plots were determined in different directions and infestation rate of the pest was studied by taking random samples within the plots. Samples were also taken from different life stages of the pest and by rearing them in laboratory, life cycle of the pest was also studied under laboratory conditions. P. acaciae has only one generation a year. The pest overwinters as pupae in remains of the host plant and on or inside the seeds of P. ferulacea in field or in seed storages. Activity of the adults begins in early May. The female beetles lay eggs solitarily and dispersedly on fruits and sometimes on flowering stems. Larvae are active singly inside the stem or seeds and destroy all seed components. After completing their feeding, the larvae move downward and pupate in the stem, inside P. ferulacea seeds on the ground or in the soil near the roots. Infestation rate of the beetles on seeds was different according to the region height. The lowest infestation rate was 10% in the areas 2400 m above see level in Kakan region, while the highest rate was 89% recorded in Dareh-Garm region with the height of 2250 m. A wasp species with parasitic activity was collected on pupae of P. acaciae. Parasitism rate of the parasitoid wasp in different regions of the province was recorded as 13-48% and 17-44% in the years 2004 and 2005 respectively.
Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research
Research Institute of Forest and Range Protection
1735-0859
5
v.
1
no.
2007
17
25
https://ijfrpr.areeo.ac.ir/article_106325_85ad793d89dc710051b83e1997a3ce03.pdf
Tree trunk spraying as an insecticidal control method of oak short-wing grasshopper, Esfandiaria obesa (Orth.: Acrididae)
S.
Bagheri
مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خوزستان، اهواز، ص. پ: 3341-61335.
author
B.
Tajvand
اداره کل منابع طبیعی استان خوزستان، اهواز
author
Y.
Khajehzadeh
مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خوزستان، اهواز، ص. پ: 3341-61335
author
H.
Askary
مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، تهران، ص. پ: 116-13185
author
text
article
2007
per
Esfandiaria obesa is one of the key pests of oak trees and is reported as a native pest for north eastern of Khuzestan Province. Because of high feeding potential on oak leaves, sever damage (100% defoliation on infested trees) was reported to oak forests in this region. In the study some insecticides and bio-pesticides were compared on first and second larval instars of the pest. Tree trunk spaying was applied to obtain effective pesticides. The pesticides used as treatments included: Dimilin® (Diflubenzuron ODC45) with oil carrier, Green muscle® (a products of Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum), A product of Beauveria bassiana, Malation, Fenitrotion and control treatment (Water). The experiments were designed as complete blocks with 3 (or 4) replicates and were repeated twice for each year in 2003 and 2004. The results showed that Green muscle was more effective compared to the other treatments (with the mean of 98/2-100 percent mortality on larval stages) in different experiments. Dimilin with oil carrier was the second effective product (with 64.65-78.17% mortality). Organophosphoric pesticides were not satisfactorily effective on this grasshopper (Fenitrotion 32.48-40.02%, Malation 3.73-30.97%) Beauveria bassiana product had no considerable mortality on the larval stage.
Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research
Research Institute of Forest and Range Protection
1735-0859
5
v.
1
no.
2007
26
38
https://ijfrpr.areeo.ac.ir/article_106326_203b71a8e9782d75ba961ac4f4c7ae08.pdf
The bionomic of Pales murina (Dip.: Tachinidae) as a parasitoid of ber moth, Thiacidas postica (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Boushehr province
N.
Farrar
مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان بوشهر، بوشهر، ص. پ: ١٧٣١-٧٥١٣٥
author
S. E.
Sadeghi
موسسه تحقیقات جنگل ها و مراتع کشور، تهران، ص. پ: 116-13185
author
H.
Askary
موسسه تحقیقات جنگل ها و مراتع کشور، تهران، ص. پ: 116-13185
author
G. H.
Asadi
دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شیراز
author
S. R.
Golestaneh
مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان بوشهر، بوشهر، ص. پ: ١٧٣١-٧٥١٣٥
author
text
article
2007
per
Tachinid parasitoids are important natural enemies of a number of destructive forest insect pests. Pales murina (Dip.: Tachinidae) is a solitary endoparasitoid of the ber moth Thiacidas postica (Lep.: Noctuidae) in south of Iran. Parasitoid longevity, reproduction rate and development stages were studied under laboratory conditions at 25° C, 55% RH and LD 16:8. Adults of P. murina were placed in a cage with food, water, honey and a ber branch as an oviposition site. P. murina was appeared about 15-25 days prior to the emergence of T. postica in nature. The flies mated immediately after emergence. The pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition periods lasted 23±5, 20±6 and 15±4 days, respectively. The eggs were usually laid singly on lower surface of the leaves with the avarage of 735 eggs per female. Parasitoids successfully developed on third to fifth host larval instars. The fourth and fifth larval instars of host are large enough to ingest whole eggs of P. murina. The larval period depend on their host larval period. The avarage larval period of the host were 16±3 and 30±6 in the fifth and the fourth larval instars, respectively. The avarage longevity of adult male and female was 33.8±3.2 and 54.4±3.2 days, respectively. After development, the larvae left the host body and made puparium near it. However, the larva of T. postica was able to complete development and pupate. The first oviposition of the second generation of T. postica began during November and December. The fly was observed on alternative hosts when T. postica was absent in nature. The average of prepupal parasitism during 3 years was 38% in May and 88% in January.
Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research
Research Institute of Forest and Range Protection
1735-0859
5
v.
1
no.
2007
39
54
https://ijfrpr.areeo.ac.ir/article_106327_d107399639df86ba9ebaa938e26e3db7.pdf
Laboratory analysis of five host plant sources on life capacities of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lep.: Lymantriidae) and evaluation of the results in field conditions in Yasouj area of Iran
K.
Saeedi
مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد، یاسوج، ص. پ: 351
author
text
article
2007
per
Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. is one of the most important pests of forests and ornamental trees in the world. Host plants consumed by the pest larvae have a significant effect on its growth and development. Both food quality and quantity are important factors affecting longevity, survival, fecundity and population dynamics of the insect. Food consumption survival rate, age specific longevity and fecundity of gypsy moth were studied on five different host species, including apple (Malus domestica), black poplar (Populus nigra), white poplar (Populus alba), oak (Quercus sp.) and pear (Prunus communis) under laboratory and field conditions in Yasouj area. The obtained results indicated that the total consumed leaf surface by a larva on apple (M. domestica) was the highest with the amount of 1014 square cm. First instar larvae did not survive long following consumption of small amount of white poplar and pear leaves. Age specific survival and longevity were significantly different on apple and black poplar compared with oak in laboratory conditions. No significant differences were found between age specific longevity of gypsy moth on apple and black poplar under the experimental conditions. Host preference for apple and black poplar was distinctly higher than oak. The average weight of female pupae developed on apple, black poplar and oak were 1440, 1320 and 1100 mg respectively and as fertility rate of female moth is directly related to the weight of female insects, fertility rate of adult moth developed on apple with the average female weight of 1440 mg and 3.19 was higher than the moth developed on black poplar and oak with the fertility index of 2.59 and 2.41 respectively. The results indicate the presence of feeding deterrents in white poplar and pear.
Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research
Research Institute of Forest and Range Protection
1735-0859
5
v.
1
no.
2007
55
65
https://ijfrpr.areeo.ac.ir/article_106328_9d13660027c86f2b096dc8842e697538.pdf
Survey of gall wasps of the family Cynipidae associated with two oak species, Quercus brantii and Q. infectoria in Lorestan province of Iran
E.
Azizkhani
مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، تهران، ص. پ: 116-13185
author
S. E.
Sadeghi
مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، تهران، ص. پ: 116-13185
author
G. R.
Rasoulian
گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده علوم باغبانی و گیاهپزشکی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج
author
M.
Tavakoli
مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان لرستان، خرم آباد
author
R.
Omid
مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، تهران، ص. پ: 116-13185
author
V. R.
Moniri
مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، تهران، ص. پ: 116-13185
author
H.
Yarmand
مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، تهران، ص. پ: 116-13185
author
text
article
2007
per
This study was carried out in the period 2003-2005 to collect and identify gall wasps on oak species in Lorestan province. There are mainly two oak species, Quercus infectoria and Q. brantii with various dispersion patterns in the province. Thus, three sampling sites were selected to cover whole distributional pattern of oak forests. These include: Ghalaii, Nogian and Shoorab. Sampling dates were determined based on climatic conditions and development stages of gall formation, (as the gall reaches maturation). Collected galls were placed in plastic bags, labeled and transferred to the lab. In the lab, any particular galls were screened distinctly and accompanied galls were removed. Upon screening, galls were counted and placed in rearing jars. These were maintained in the laboratory at 19±3°C in mid autumn and winter and 25±2°C in early spring and summer and in 50-60% RH. Samples were examined at four days intervals and emerged insects were screened based on family, genus, and species and placed into vials containing 75% alcohol and labeled accordingly. Information including the emerging dates and all relevant data were recorded. Based on the results obtained, 26 different galls were collected on various plant parts (catkins, buds, fruits, leaves) of two oak species. Overall, 11 gall wasps are active on Q. brantii and 13 gall wasps on Q. infectoria. All galls collected on Q. infectoria are formed by the agamic generation of gall wasps. While on Q. brantii, most galls (7 galls) are formed by the sexual generation and 5 galls by the agamic wasp generation. There is high host specificity between the gall wasps, thus we can not find any common gall on two oak species. Dispersion of Cynipid gall wasps is directly dependent on the distribution patterns of oak species in Lorestan province.
Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research
Research Institute of Forest and Range Protection
1735-0859
5
v.
1
no.
2007
66
79
https://ijfrpr.areeo.ac.ir/article_106329_764e97d55ef00e9ac015172ee34c0b52.pdf
Biology and population changes of Sarta longhorned beetle, Aeolesthes sarta (Col.: Cerambycidae), in Isfahan
A.
Mazaheri
گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان. ص. پ: 84156
author
B.
Hatami
گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان. ص. پ: 84156
author
J.
Khajehali
گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان. ص. پ: 84156
author
S.E.
Sadeghi
گروه تحقیقات حمایت و حفاظت، مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، تهران، ص. پ: 116-13185
author
Y.
Namazi
سازمان پارکها و فضای سبز استان اصفهان
author
text
article
2007
per
To study the biology and population changes of Sarta longhorned beetle, Aeolesthes sarta Solsky (Col., Cerambycidae), a whole tree and two main branches of two other trees of Ulmus carpinifolia were cut biweekly.In crucial life stages of the pest, samples were collected weekly during 2004-2005. The trunk and branches were severed and splited and the number of eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were recorded. The pest generation was carefully determined by artificial infestation of 35 intact trees in controlled conditions. The trend of overwintered adult emergence was evaluated by daily inspection of the infested logs in the cages. Results showed that the first overwintering adults emerged in early April until late May. Oviposition peaked in early May, 2 weeks after the adult emergence peak. The oviposition period was 50 days. The first instar larvae appeared in early May and peaked in late May. The young larvae were abundant in early June and pupae peaked in early September. Pupal development lasted two weeks. Initially, new adults appeared in pupal cells in late August and peaked in late October. The average larval development time for the larvae which pupated in the same year was 158 days, whereas of two years old larvae were 484 days. Therefore, generation time was determined 1 or 2 years. Thirty five percent of the insect population completed their life cycle in one year and the rest in two years. The pest overwintered as adults as well as larval stages.
Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research
Research Institute of Forest and Range Protection
1735-0859
5
v.
1
no.
2007
80
95
https://ijfrpr.areeo.ac.ir/article_106330_226f0a2a25193ff58ac3d8ee01c930c0.pdf
Isolated fungi from hazelnut, their damage and economic importance in Guilan province
S. A.
Mir Hosseini Moghaddam
مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان گیلان، ایستگاه تحقیقات گل و گیاهان زینتی لاهیجان، ص. پ: 96599-44169
author
M.
Taherzadeh
سازمان جهاد کشاورزی استان گیلان، رشت
author
text
article
2007
per
Cultivated areas of hazelnut is more than 12000 hectares mainly concentrated in Eshkaverat (Rudsar) in Guilan province. In recent years, a survey was carried out on the occurrence and severity of fungi causing diseases on hazelnut in different growth stages in field plots and stored hazelnuts in different aeras of Guilan province, including Rudsar, Lahijan, Astara and Somehsara. Samples were taken from the hazelnut trees showing disease symptoms and cultured in PDA, CMA, MA and WA media for isolation of the causing agents. Pathogenicity of extracted fungi was confirmed by inoculation of single spore and hyphal tip cultures to hazelnut seedlings or branches and leaves of hazelnut trees in growth chamber. To find out the infection rate of leaf spot Mamianiella coryli disease as it is an important pathogen in the region, four gardens were selected in Zeyaz and Aghozbon Kandsar (Eshkaverat) and from each garden 20 trees and from each tree 400 leaves were collected randomly and infection rate was determined by using a grading system. In this investigation, 16 fungi isolates were collected and identified as follow: Alternaria alternata, Mamianiella coryli, Phyllactinia corylea, Pestalotiopsis macrospora, Diplodia theabrome and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were identified as pathogens on leaves and stems and fungi including Phomopsis sp., Fusarium semitectum, Fusarium anthophilum and Verticillium sp. were isolated from crown and roots of hazelnut trees. The fungi, Rhizopus sp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Trichothecium sp. and Cladosporium cladosporiodes were isolated from hazelnut fruits in storages. The preliminary studies of distribution and damage of Mamianiella coryli as causing agent of sudden leaf defoliation of hazelnut trees in Aghozbon Kandsar (Eshkaverat) indicated the damage rate of the disease as 20% of the leaf surface.
Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research
Research Institute of Forest and Range Protection
1735-0859
5
v.
1
no.
2007
96
98
https://ijfrpr.areeo.ac.ir/article_106331_6388649be7c8b7d029b734c88269f9ec.pdf
Epidemical occurrence of Pileolaria terebinthi on Pistacia khinjuk in eastern forests of Khuzestan Province
A.
Dehghani
مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خوزستان، اهواز، ص. پ: 3341-61335
author
B.
Tajvand
اداره کل منابع طبیعی استان خوزستان، اهواز
author
J.
Ershad
مؤسسه تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی کشور، تهران
author
text
article
2007
per
During surveys conducted in summer and autumn of 2005 on khinjuk trees (Pistacia khinjuk Stocks.) in Eizeh region and Deli village in the eastern part of Khouzestan province, disease symptoms including leaf necrosis, early defoliation, dieback, deformation and hypertrophy of branches were observed on khinjuk trees. Forests showed a vast epidemical expansion of the disease during 2005 and 2006 and in almost all infected trees, complete necrosis of leaves, die back and deformation of branches were observed. Samples were taken from the diseased trees. Microscopically measurements and morphological and histological studies led to identification of Pileolaria terebinthi (DC.) Cast., as the causing agent of pistachio rust in Khuzestan province. Rust attack due to Pileolaria terebinthi has already been observed on Pistacia mutica in Fars Province. The rust is autoecious and its expansion as an epidemic disease on Pistacia khinjuk has been observed in Khouzestan in the recent years. The disease could be a threat to the survival of the valuable genetic resources in the region. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate various etiological aspects taking into account region height, age of the trees, their susceptibility, ecosystem sequencing or region climatic changes in order to exert forecasting and controlling strategies of disease which is spreading northward in the country.
Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research
Research Institute of Forest and Range Protection
1735-0859
5
v.
1
no.
2007
99
100
https://ijfrpr.areeo.ac.ir/article_106332_71eb4763bf871bb1c59f87f566106ce9.pdf
Report of Apopestes spectrum (Lep.: Erebidae) causing damage on Ammodendron persicum
M.
Afrouzian
مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خراسان رضوی، مشهد، ص. پ: 488- 91735
author
H.
Tavakoli
مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خراسان رضوی، مشهد، ص. پ: 488- 91735
author
R.
Zahiri
مؤسسه تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی کشور، بخش تحقیقات رده بندی حشرات، تهران، ص. پ: 1454-19395
author
text
article
2007
per
Ammodendron persicum is aprennial shrub belonging to Fabaceae family. Zirkouh Qaen and Gazik region of Birjand and Khash in east part of the country are the major growing sites of A. persicum. During a survey in A. persicum growing areas in Zirkouh Qaen in mid April, a high number of larvae and some pupae of a phytophagous insect were observed on these plants. The larvae fed on the leaves of the plant and changed into pupa at the tip of the branches. The maximum number of larvae counted on a single plant was 31. A number of larvae and pupae were collected and transferred to laboratory for further study. Adult insects emerged in early May under laboratory conditions. The insect was identified as Apopestes spectrum (Esper, 1787) (Lep.: Erebidae) by the insect taxonomy division of Plant Protection Research Institute. The species formerly belonged to the family Noctuidae and subfamily Catocalinae. A number of plant species of the family Fabaceae such as Genista pilosa, Cytisus scoparius and Spartium junceum have been reported as the hosts of the pest. This insect is distributed in the countries of East Asia, India, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan. This is the first report of Apopestes spectrum causing damage on Ammodendron persicum in Iran.
Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research
Research Institute of Forest and Range Protection
1735-0859
5
v.
1
no.
2007
101
102
https://ijfrpr.areeo.ac.ir/article_106333_329d31b0376be56977c67d2affacb13c.pdf
Report of Dendrothrips karnyi (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) from Iran
S.
Bagheri
مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خوزستان، اهواز، ص. پ: 3341-61335
author
J.
Alavi
مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خراسان شمالی
author
text
article
2007
per
During the studies carried out to identify Thysanoptera fauna of forests and rangelands of Khouzestan, an unknown species was collected on Vitex pseudo-negundo (Hausskn.) Hand–Mzt in March of 2002 in Fadak Botanical Garden of Dezful. It was identified and confirmed by Dr. zur Strassen as Dendrothrips karnyi Priesner (Thys.: Thripidae). Four species of this genus have been reported previously from Iran and the recent species is a new record for the fauna of Iran. The specific characteristics of Dendrothrips karnyi are as follow: It is a small insect with a white to yellowish white body without dark spots. Body length of females is 900–1050 µm, the male insects are not known. Forewing uniformly white, wing setae on upper and lower veins are colored similar to the wing surface. Sides of abdominal terga are with large polygonal reticulations. Antennae 8-segmented, antennal segments I to V unicolourous white, occasionally seg. II pale gray, then seg. V also whitish gray, segments VI–VIII brown to dark brown. This species has been also reported on Vitex agnus-castus.
Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research
Research Institute of Forest and Range Protection
1735-0859
5
v.
1
no.
2007
103
104
https://ijfrpr.areeo.ac.ir/article_106334_f9c73bb7a157de3121689ceb913e90cd.pdf